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TPH Flashcards

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1
Q

CH1
What was housing like in the countryside in 1250-1500?

A
  • Peasant houses varied in sizes, most lived in small huts made of woven sticks covered in mud.
  • Animals were often brought inside the house at night.
  • Open fires burned in the house, smoke escaped through the thatched roof.
  • Windows were small holes with shutters.
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2
Q

CH1
What was housing in the towns like in 1250-1500?

A
  • Houses were built very close together.
  • The workshop of crafts and tradesmen would be connected to the house.
  • People were expected to clean the street and drains near their house, but not everyone did.
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3
Q

CH1
What was water like in the town?
What was waste like in the town?

A

WATER
- Conduits were lead pipes that brought spring water to towns.
- Water sellers sold from leather sacks.
WASTE
- Public latrines existed, usually in markets.
- Rakers removed waste from towns.
- Cesspits were used and then cleared by gongfermers.

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4
Q

CH1
What was water like in the countryside?
What was waste like in the countryside?

A

WATER
- sometimes contaminated by tanning mills.
- shared with animals so not always clean.
WASTE
- household waste put in middens or used on crops.
- shared cesspits but people often used holes in the ground.

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5
Q

CH1
What were the 3 types of plague?

A
  • Bubonic
  • Septicaemic
  • Pneumonic
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6
Q

CH1
What did people believe were the causes of the plague in 1250-1500?

A
  • God
  • Miasma
  • Unusual planet movement
  • Out of balance humours
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7
Q

CH1
How did people try to treat the plague in 1250-1500?

A
  • Prayer and confession
  • Flaggelancy
  • Blood letting
  • Chicken and toads on buboes
  • Trying to clear the air by burning rosemary
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8
Q

CH1
How was the plague known in 1250-1500?

A

The Black Death

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9
Q

CH1
How did Shrewsbury try to improve public health in medieval times?
What was the effect?

A

They paved main roads and market places to prevent it becoming muddy.
Led to better trade.

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10
Q

CH1
How did York and Bristol try to improve public health in medieval times?
What was the effect?

A

They moved dungheaps to the edge of towns.
Less chance of bacteria spreading.

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11
Q

CH1
How did Winchester try to improve public health in medieval times?
What was the effect?

A

They set up guilds to manage the standards of food and products.
This led to safer meat and other food.

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12
Q

CH1
How did London lead the way for public healthcare improvements in medieval times?

A
  1. A warden was appointed to check that London’s streets and river banks were free of dung hills.
  2. The Mayor of London ordered the rebuilding of a flooding latrine.
  3. The Mayor of London organised the extension of water pipes.
  4. Many rich Londoners, including the Mayor left money to be used to improve public health.
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13
Q

CH2
What was food like for the wealthy in early modern Britain?
What were the effects of this diet?

A

FOOD
- Enjoyed large quantities of meat and fish.
- Enjoyed foods from overseas trade.
- White bread.
- Small amounts of fruit and veg.
- Wine and ale were drunk more than water.
EFFECTS
- Diet was about 80% protein. This led to digestive problems.

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14
Q

CH2
What was food like for the poor in early modern Britain?
What were the effects of this diet?

A

FOOD
- Bread (rye).
- Vegetables.
- Pottage.
- Occasionally eggs, cheese, fish and meats.
EFFECTS
- This was a healthier diet but lacked vitamin C and iron.
- Famine was still an issue.

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15
Q

CH2
Why were towns so dirty in early modern Britain?

A
  • Animals roamed the streets.
  • Streets became muddy when it rained.
  • Respiratory diseases were caused by burning wood and coal.
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16
Q

CH2
What was hygeine like for rich people in early modern Britain?

A
  • Servants took care of washing clothes.
  • Bathtubs were used, water was heated on stoves.
  • Soap was made from olive oil.
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17
Q

CH2
What was hygeine like for poor people in early modern Britain?

A
  • Bathed in a river.
  • No soap.
  • Used brushes on the skin, this was called dry washing.
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18
Q

CH2
What was water supply like for rich people in early modern Britain?

A
  • In some towns companies could pipe water to houses. This was very expensive.
  • Water could be bought from a water seller.
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19
Q

CH1
What was food like in medieval Britain?

A

BREAD
- Good harvests were very important as people ate lots of bread.
- The poor ate rye bread.
- Ergotism was often a risk in a damp year.

MEAT AND FISH
- The poor rarely ate meat, it was expensive.

POTTAGE
- Eaten by the poor.
- Lots of vegetables.

ALE & CIDER
- Ale was boiled (which killed germs) and made from barley (nutritious), it was healthier than water.
- Cider was made in a similar way but with apples.

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20
Q

CH1
How much of the population lived in the countryside?

A

90%

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21
Q

CH2
What happened to towns in the early modern period?

A
  • They grew in size and became more overcrowded.
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22
Q

CH2
What happened to trade in the early modern period?

A
  • Britain started exporting coal.
  • Britain started importing sugar and tobacco.
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23
Q

CH2
What was water supply like for poor people in early modern Britain?

A
  • Collected water from conduits.
  • Bought water from a water seller if they could afford to.
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24
Q

CH2
What was the solution for household waste in early modern Britain?
Was it effective?

A
  • Scavengers collected ash, food waste and sweepings from houses once or twice a week. This was EFFECTIVE as household waste was dealt with and used by gardeners.
  • Dunghulls outside the towns. This was EFFECTIVE as it stopped pests being attracted to the town.
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25
Q

CH2
What were the solutions for urine & excrement in early modern Britain?
Were they effective?

A
  • The flushing toilet was incented in 1596 but did not become popular until the end of the period. This was NOT EFFECTIVE as only the very rich could afford one.
  • Privies often emptied into rivers. This was NOT EFFECTIVE as it polluted the water.
  • Most privies emptied into cesspits. This was NOT EFFECTIVE as they often leaked/overflowed.
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26
Q

CH2
When was the Great Plague?

A

1665

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27
Q

CH2
What did people in early modern Britain believe caused the plague?

A
  • God
  • Miasma
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28
Q

CH2
What was the 1518 plague rule?
Was it effective?

A
  • Plague victims must isolate themselves. If they left the house they had to carry a white stick.
  • No, as it was not always enforced.
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29
Q

CH2
When were the Plague Orders created?

A

1578

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30
Q

CH2
What were the Plague Orders?
Were they effective?

A
  • 17 orders.
  • Included laws to financially aid sick people, record who was sick and burn infected people’s clothing & bedding.
  • Yes, they slowed the spread of disease. At this time the connection between durt and disease was being made.
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31
Q

CH2
When was the Plague Act created?

A

1604

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32
Q

CH2
What was the Plague Act?
Was it effective?

A
  • It increased the financial help for the sick.
  • It allowed city watchmen to use harsh punishment to enforce isolation.
  • A plague victim who left their house could be hung.
  • Yes, it enforced isolation and reduced the spread of disease.
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33
Q

CH2
What happened in Eyam?

A

The village of Eyam quarantined itself to stop the disease spreading to Sheffield.
75% of Eyam died but Sheffield was saved.

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34
Q

CH2
What were ‘Bills of Mortality’?

A

Towns produced ‘Bills for Mortality’ which were detailed records of plague deaths.

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35
Q

CH2
What did Cambridge do to limit the plague?

A

They only let strangers into the city if they had a certificate of health.

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36
Q

CH2
How did people respond to the plague?

A
  • People went to church.
  • People who could afford to, left towns and moved to the country.
  • People tried to find a cure such as posies and smoking tobacco.
  • People avoided the sick.
  • People stuck together and did not abandon their families.
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37
Q

CH2
What were the effects of the gin craze?

A
  • Broken families.
  • Deformed babies.
  • Increases in crime.
  • Rise in death rate due to excessive drinking.
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38
Q

CH2
When was the first Gin Act?

A

1729

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39
Q

CH2
When was the second Gin Act?

A

1736

40
Q

CH2
When was the third Gin Act?

A

1751

41
Q

CH2
What did the first Gin Act do?
Was it effective?

A
  • Introduced a £20 license fee for sellers and a 5 shilling tax per gallon for producers.
  • No, it was impossible to enforce due to many tiny gin shops.
42
Q

CH2
What did the second Gin Act do?
Was it effective?

A
  • Increased the license fee to £50 and the producer’s tax to 20 shillings.
  • No, there were too many small gin shops that made it hard to enforce. Riots broke out against this law. Many people started making gin in their homes illegally.
43
Q

CH2
What did the third Gin Act do?
Was it effective?

A
  • Imposed harsh punishments on anyone selling illegal gin, such as transportation.
  • Yes, consumption fell.
44
Q

CH2
When did plague outbreaks stop?

A

1670

45
Q

CH2
Did towns improve in late early modern Britain?
How?

A

Yes, but mainly for the rich.
- Water companies piped water into peoples homes, however only the rich could afford this.
- Large houses were built for the wealthy.
- Wealthy streets were lit with lamps.
- Wealthy streets would be paved.

46
Q

CH3
Why were towns and cities so overcrowded in industrial Britain?
What effect did this have on public health?

A
  • People migrated to the cities in search of work in factories.
  • Housing quality was poor and rent was high, families often could only afford one room.
  • There weren’t enough privies.
  • Diseases like tuberculosis were common because of damp in houses.
47
Q

CH3
Why did poor people suffer so much in industrial Britain?
What effect did this have on public health?

A
  • Richer people who ran town councils did not want to see rates increase to pay for help for the poor.
  • Governments believed in a laissez faire idea.
  • Working class men only got the cote in 1867.
  • There was no free healthcare.
48
Q

CH3
Why was disease common in industrial Britain?
What effect did this have on public health?

A
  • Until 1861, people did not know about germs.
  • Many people had to drink dirty water.
  • People lived very close together.
  • The main diseases were: tuberculosis, influenza. diphtheria. typhoid, typhus and cholera.
  • Life expectancy was low.
  • Infant mortality was high.
  • In the later part of the period, scientists made many health related breakthroughs.
49
Q

CH3
What was housing like for the working class in industrial Britain?

A
  • The cheapest accommodation was a rented cellar which was usually poorly ventilated and damp.
  • Back-to-back housing was very common.
50
Q

CH3
What was wrong with water in industrial Britain?

A
  • Water companies sourced their water from ponds, rivers and streams.
  • The water was often dirty; typhoid and cholera were prevalent.
  • Sewers often flooded, contaminating nearby water sources.
51
Q

CH3
What was wrong with waste in industrial Britain?

A
  • Sewers often overflowed.
  • Privies often overflowed as landlords would not pay to havethem emptied.
  • Many houses may share one privy.
52
Q

CH3
What was food like for the working class in industrial Britain?

A
  • Involved lots of potatoes, bread, butter, beer and tea.
  • It was often difficult to obtain fruit and veg, this contributed to malnutrition.
  • There was little regulation on food. Food was often adulterated.
  • Cheap meat was sometimes available, but the quality was very poor.
53
Q

CH3
How many people died from Cholera?

A

Over 100,000

54
Q

CH3
What were the beliefs about disease in 1830?

A

They believed disease was caused by:
- God
- Miasma
- Dirt

55
Q

CH3
What were government responses to cholera in 1830?

A

NATIONAL
- The Central Board of Health was set up to study the disease in other countries.
- A national day of fasting and prayer in March 1832.

LOCAL
- Burning tar to purify air.
- Clearing rubbish from the streets to stop the smell.
- Cholera hospitals and graveyards.

56
Q

CH3
What did Edwin Chadwick write about?
When?

A

He wrote the ‘Sanitary Report’ which contains shocking details of the public health crisis.

1848

57
Q

CH3
What were government responses to public health in 1848?

A

NATIONAL
- The Public Health Act set up the General Board of Health and encouraged towns to set up health boards.

LOCAL
- The Public Health Act did not force change.
- Town leaders said that change would be too expensive.
- Local Ratepayers resented an increase in taxation to pay for the Act.

58
Q

CH3
What did Dr John Snow prove?
When?

A

Dr Snow proved that cholera was spread by infected water.

1854

59
Q

CH3
What were government responses in 1854?

A

NATIONAL
- A laissez faire attitude continued.
- The General Board of Health was abolished.

60
Q

CH3
What happened in 1866 to beliefs about public health?

A
  • The ideas of Snow were widely accepted.
  • In 1861, Louis Pasteur had proved that getms cause disease.
61
Q

CH3
What did Joseph Bazalgette do?
When?

A

He built Londons new sewerage system which was 1300 miles of sewers.
1865

62
Q

CH3
When was the Adulteration of Food Act made?

A

1860

63
Q

CH3
What affect did the Adulteration of Food Act have?

A

POSITIVE
- It was the first law to try to regulate the contamination of food.
- Another blow to the laissez faire attitude.
- Called for the appointment of food analysts.

LIMITS
- Only 7 food analysts were appointed.
- Inspections weren’t compulsory.
- The act was ignored.

64
Q

CH3
When was the Sanitary Act made?

A

1866

65
Q

CH3
What affect did the Sanitary Act have?

A

POSITIVE
- All houses had to be connected to a mains sewer.
- It defined ‘overcrowding’
- Forced local authorities to take action to provide water, sewage treatment and waste disposal.
- These local authorities could be fined for neglecting their duties.

LIMITS
- Was slow to take affect.

66
Q

CH3
When was the Sale of Food and Drugs Act made?

A

1875

67
Q

CH3
What affect did the Sale of Food and Drugs Act have?

A

POSITIVE
- Improved the quality of basic foods.
- Introduced harsh sanctions for food adulteration.
- Local authorities were given powers to seize adulterated food.

68
Q

CH3
When was the replacement Public Health Act made?

A

1875

69
Q

CH3
What affect did the new Public Health Act have?

A

POSITIVE
- Local councils were forced to clean up towns.
- Medical officers and Sanitary Inspectors were to be appointed by local councils.

70
Q

CH4
What effect did WW1 have on housing?

A

POSITIVE
- Government took responsibility for public housing.
- 50% of the promised 500,000 homes were built.

NEGATIVE
- Slow progress by the government.

71
Q

CH4
What was the 1930s Housing Act?

A

Led to the clearance of slum housing completely.

72
Q

CH4
What effect did WW2 have on housing?

A

POSITIVE
- Cheap, high-rise accommodation was built.

NEGATIVE
- High-rises destroyed the community spirit of back to back housing.

73
Q

CH4
What effect did Thatcher have on housing?

A

POSITIVE
- People were encouraged to buy their council houses.

NEGATIVE
- Local councils could not replace the houses sold.
- More private landlords appeared who rented out poor quality accommodation for high prices.

74
Q

CH4
What effect did war have on food?

A
  • During the war, imports fell so food was rationed.
  • Rationing led to healthy diets as people were encouraged to grow their own and eat well.
75
Q

CH4
What effect did Technology have on food?

A
  • Refrigeration and canning improved supply and made food cheaper.
  • The invention of the microwave led to convenience foods becoming popular.
76
Q

CH4
How did wealth effect food?

A
  • After 1950, people became richer and could afford new technologies.
  • Immigration led to Indian and Chinese foods becoming popular.
77
Q

CH4
When was the Clean Air Act made?

A

1956

78
Q

CH4
Why was the Clean Air Act made?
What did it do?

A

Smog was a huge problem in the early 1900s, it led to conditions such as pneumonia.
It forced people to burn smokeless fuels.

79
Q

CH4
What effect have cars, computers and televisions had on public health?

A

They have led to inactivity as people have less need to walk and don’t spend their leisure time outdoors.

80
Q

CH4
What was life expectancy in 1900s?

A

50

81
Q

CH4
What was life expectancy in 2000s?

A

77

82
Q

CH4
When was the Spanish Flu?

A

1918-1919

83
Q

CH4
How did we respond to the Spanish Flu?

A
  • Face masks were worn to prevent contamination.
  • Newspapers, films and posters gave advice on how to prevent contamination.
84
Q

CH4
What was the response to AIDS between 1970-1983?

A
  • People raised awareness of the disease but there was a largely negative reaction.
  • People were shamed for having the disease.
85
Q

CH4
What was the response to AIDS between 1984-1985?

A
  • Alarm and fear that AIDS could be spread easily through the slightest contact with a victim.
86
Q

CH4
What were the responses to AIDS between 1986-1987?

A
  • Better understanding developed.
  • Diana shook hands and hugged an AIDS patient.
  • Campaigns helped educate the public.
87
Q

CH4
What were the responses to AIDS between 1988-1995?

A
  • There was understanding and acceptance of AIDS.
  • Support for charities and research grew.
  • TV and media embraced the need to publicise the disease.
88
Q

CH4
What were the responses to AIDS from 1996 onwards?

A
  • There was a decline in awareness of the disease.
  • Educating campaigns stopped.
  • Cases began rising again.
89
Q

CH4
When was the Free School Meals Act made?

A

1906

90
Q

CH4
What did the Free School Meals Act do?

A
  • Provided free, hot school meals to poor children.
  • A School Milk Scheme was set up in 1934.
91
Q

CH4
When was the Old Age Pension Act made?

A

1908

92
Q

CH4
When were immunisations introduced?

A

1940

93
Q

CH4
When was the National Insurance Act made?

A

1911

94
Q

CH4
What did the National Insurance Act do?

A

It protected people against unemployment and sickness by providing money to live on.

95
Q

CH4
When was the National Health Service set up?

A

1948

96
Q

CH4
When was the link between smoking and cancer made?

A

1962

97
Q

CH4
What did the government do in:
1964?
2007?
and 2016 in order to reduce smoking?

A

1964 - Banned advertisements of cigarettes.
2007 - Banned smoking in public places and buildings.
2016 - Made all cigarette packaging blank.

History (4 decks)

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