TPH Flashcards
1
Q
CH1
What was housing like in the countryside in 1250-1500?
A
- Peasant houses varied in sizes, most lived in small huts made of woven sticks covered in mud.
- Animals were often brought inside the house at night.
- Open fires burned in the house, smoke escaped through the thatched roof.
- Windows were small holes with shutters.
2
Q
CH1
What was housing in the towns like in 1250-1500?
A
- Houses were built very close together.
- The workshop of crafts and tradesmen would be connected to the house.
- People were expected to clean the street and drains near their house, but not everyone did.
3
Q
CH1
What was water like in the town?
What was waste like in the town?
A
WATER
- Conduits were lead pipes that brought spring water to towns.
- Water sellers sold from leather sacks.
WASTE
- Public latrines existed, usually in markets.
- Rakers removed waste from towns.
- Cesspits were used and then cleared by gongfermers.
4
Q
CH1
What was water like in the countryside?
What was waste like in the countryside?
A
WATER
- sometimes contaminated by tanning mills.
- shared with animals so not always clean.
WASTE
- household waste put in middens or used on crops.
- shared cesspits but people often used holes in the ground.
5
Q
CH1
What were the 3 types of plague?
A
- Bubonic
- Septicaemic
- Pneumonic
6
Q
CH1
What did people believe were the causes of the plague in 1250-1500?
A
- God
- Miasma
- Unusual planet movement
- Out of balance humours
7
Q
CH1
How did people try to treat the plague in 1250-1500?
A
- Prayer and confession
- Flaggelancy
- Blood letting
- Chicken and toads on buboes
- Trying to clear the air by burning rosemary
8
Q
CH1
How was the plague known in 1250-1500?
A
The Black Death
9
Q
CH1
How did Shrewsbury try to improve public health in medieval times?
What was the effect?
A
They paved main roads and market places to prevent it becoming muddy.
Led to better trade.
10
Q
CH1
How did York and Bristol try to improve public health in medieval times?
What was the effect?
A
They moved dungheaps to the edge of towns.
Less chance of bacteria spreading.
11
Q
CH1
How did Winchester try to improve public health in medieval times?
What was the effect?
A
They set up guilds to manage the standards of food and products.
This led to safer meat and other food.
12
Q
CH1
How did London lead the way for public healthcare improvements in medieval times?
A
- A warden was appointed to check that London’s streets and river banks were free of dung hills.
- The Mayor of London ordered the rebuilding of a flooding latrine.
- The Mayor of London organised the extension of water pipes.
- Many rich Londoners, including the Mayor left money to be used to improve public health.
13
Q
CH2
What was food like for the wealthy in early modern Britain?
What were the effects of this diet?
A
FOOD
- Enjoyed large quantities of meat and fish.
- Enjoyed foods from overseas trade.
- White bread.
- Small amounts of fruit and veg.
- Wine and ale were drunk more than water.
EFFECTS
- Diet was about 80% protein. This led to digestive problems.
14
Q
CH2
What was food like for the poor in early modern Britain?
What were the effects of this diet?
A
FOOD
- Bread (rye).
- Vegetables.
- Pottage.
- Occasionally eggs, cheese, fish and meats.
EFFECTS
- This was a healthier diet but lacked vitamin C and iron.
- Famine was still an issue.
15
Q
CH2
Why were towns so dirty in early modern Britain?
A
- Animals roamed the streets.
- Streets became muddy when it rained.
- Respiratory diseases were caused by burning wood and coal.
16
Q
CH2
What was hygeine like for rich people in early modern Britain?
A
- Servants took care of washing clothes.
- Bathtubs were used, water was heated on stoves.
- Soap was made from olive oil.
17
Q
CH2
What was hygeine like for poor people in early modern Britain?
A
- Bathed in a river.
- No soap.
- Used brushes on the skin, this was called dry washing.
18
Q
CH2
What was water supply like for rich people in early modern Britain?
A
- In some towns companies could pipe water to houses. This was very expensive.
- Water could be bought from a water seller.
19
Q
CH1
What was food like in medieval Britain?
A
BREAD
- Good harvests were very important as people ate lots of bread.
- The poor ate rye bread.
- Ergotism was often a risk in a damp year.
MEAT AND FISH
- The poor rarely ate meat, it was expensive.
POTTAGE
- Eaten by the poor.
- Lots of vegetables.
ALE & CIDER
- Ale was boiled (which killed germs) and made from barley (nutritious), it was healthier than water.
- Cider was made in a similar way but with apples.
20
Q
CH1
How much of the population lived in the countryside?
A
90%
21
Q
CH2
What happened to towns in the early modern period?
A
- They grew in size and became more overcrowded.
22
Q
CH2
What happened to trade in the early modern period?
A
- Britain started exporting coal.
- Britain started importing sugar and tobacco.
23
Q
CH2
What was water supply like for poor people in early modern Britain?
A
- Collected water from conduits.
- Bought water from a water seller if they could afford to.
24
Q
CH2
What was the solution for household waste in early modern Britain?
Was it effective?
A
- Scavengers collected ash, food waste and sweepings from houses once or twice a week. This was EFFECTIVE as household waste was dealt with and used by gardeners.
- Dunghulls outside the towns. This was EFFECTIVE as it stopped pests being attracted to the town.
25
CH2
What were the solutions for urine & excrement in early modern Britain?
Were they effective?
- The flushing toilet was incented in 1596 but did not become popular until the end of the period. This was NOT EFFECTIVE as only the very rich could afford one.
- Privies often emptied into rivers. This was NOT EFFECTIVE as it polluted the water.
- Most privies emptied into cesspits. This was NOT EFFECTIVE as they often leaked/overflowed.
26
CH2
When was the Great Plague?
1665
27
CH2
What did people in early modern Britain believe caused the plague?
- God
- Miasma
28
CH2
What was the 1518 plague rule?
Was it effective?
- Plague victims must isolate themselves. If they left the house they had to carry a white stick.
- No, as it was not always enforced.
29
CH2
When were the Plague Orders created?
1578
30
CH2
What were the Plague Orders?
Were they effective?
- 17 orders.
- Included laws to financially aid sick people, record who was sick and burn infected people’s clothing & bedding.
- Yes, they slowed the spread of disease. At this time the connection between durt and disease was being made.
31
CH2
When was the Plague Act created?
1604
32
CH2
What was the Plague Act?
Was it effective?
- It increased the financial help for the sick.
- It allowed city watchmen to use harsh punishment to enforce isolation.
- A plague victim who left their house could be hung.
- Yes, it enforced isolation and reduced the spread of disease.
33
CH2
What happened in Eyam?
The village of Eyam quarantined itself to stop the disease spreading to Sheffield.
75% of Eyam died but Sheffield was saved.
34
CH2
What were ‘Bills of Mortality’?
Towns produced ‘Bills for Mortality’ which were detailed records of plague deaths.
35
CH2
What did Cambridge do to limit the plague?
They only let strangers into the city if they had a certificate of health.
36
CH2
How did people respond to the plague?
- People went to church.
- People who could afford to, left towns and moved to the country.
- People tried to find a cure such as posies and smoking tobacco.
- People avoided the sick.
- People stuck together and did not abandon their families.
37
CH2
What were the effects of the gin craze?
- Broken families.
- Deformed babies.
- Increases in crime.
- Rise in death rate due to excessive drinking.
38
CH2
When was the first Gin Act?
1729
39
CH2
When was the second Gin Act?
1736
40
CH2
When was the third Gin Act?
1751
41
CH2
What did the first Gin Act do?
Was it effective?
- Introduced a £20 license fee for sellers and a 5 shilling tax per gallon for producers.
- No, it was impossible to enforce due to many tiny gin shops.
42
CH2
What did the second Gin Act do?
Was it effective?
- Increased the license fee to £50 and the producer’s tax to 20 shillings.
- No, there were too many small gin shops that made it hard to enforce. Riots broke out against this law. Many people started making gin in their homes illegally.
43
CH2
What did the third Gin Act do?
Was it effective?
- Imposed harsh punishments on anyone selling illegal gin, such as transportation.
- Yes, consumption fell.
44
CH2
When did plague outbreaks stop?
1670
45
CH2
Did towns improve in late early modern Britain?
How?
Yes, but mainly for the rich.
- Water companies piped water into peoples homes, however only the rich could afford this.
- Large houses were built for the wealthy.
- Wealthy streets were lit with lamps.
- Wealthy streets would be paved.
46
CH3
Why were towns and cities so overcrowded in industrial Britain?
What effect did this have on public health?
- People migrated to the cities in search of work in factories.
- Housing quality was poor and rent was high, families often could only afford one room.
- There weren’t enough privies.
- Diseases like tuberculosis were common because of damp in houses.
47
CH3
Why did poor people suffer so much in industrial Britain?
What effect did this have on public health?
- Richer people who ran town councils did not want to see rates increase to pay for help for the poor.
- Governments believed in a laissez faire idea.
- Working class men only got the cote in 1867.
- There was no free healthcare.
48
CH3
Why was disease common in industrial Britain?
What effect did this have on public health?
- Until 1861, people did not know about germs.
- Many people had to drink dirty water.
- People lived very close together.
- The main diseases were: tuberculosis, influenza. diphtheria. typhoid, typhus and cholera.
- Life expectancy was low.
- Infant mortality was high.
- In the later part of the period, scientists made many health related breakthroughs.
49
CH3
What was housing like for the working class in industrial Britain?
- The cheapest accommodation was a rented cellar which was usually poorly ventilated and damp.
- Back-to-back housing was very common.
50
CH3
What was wrong with water in industrial Britain?
- Water companies sourced their water from ponds, rivers and streams.
- The water was often dirty; typhoid and cholera were prevalent.
- Sewers often flooded, contaminating nearby water sources.
51
CH3
What was wrong with waste in industrial Britain?
- Sewers often overflowed.
- Privies often overflowed as landlords would not pay to havethem emptied.
- Many houses may share one privy.
52
CH3
What was food like for the working class in industrial Britain?
- Involved lots of potatoes, bread, butter, beer and tea.
- It was often difficult to obtain fruit and veg, this contributed to malnutrition.
- There was little regulation on food. Food was often adulterated.
- Cheap meat was sometimes available, but the quality was very poor.
53
CH3
How many people died from Cholera?
Over 100,000
54
CH3
What were the beliefs about disease in 1830?
They believed disease was caused by:
- God
- Miasma
- Dirt
55
CH3
What were government responses to cholera in 1830?
NATIONAL
- The Central Board of Health was set up to study the disease in other countries.
- A national day of fasting and prayer in March 1832.
LOCAL
- Burning tar to purify air.
- Clearing rubbish from the streets to stop the smell.
- Cholera hospitals and graveyards.
56
CH3
What did Edwin Chadwick write about?
When?
He wrote the ‘Sanitary Report’ which contains shocking details of the public health crisis.
1848
57
CH3
What were government responses to public health in 1848?
NATIONAL
- The Public Health Act set up the General Board of Health and encouraged towns to set up health boards.
LOCAL
- The Public Health Act did not force change.
- Town leaders said that change would be too expensive.
- Local Ratepayers resented an increase in taxation to pay for the Act.
58
CH3
What did Dr John Snow prove?
When?
Dr Snow proved that cholera was spread by infected water.
1854
59
CH3
What were government responses in 1854?
NATIONAL
- A laissez faire attitude continued.
- The General Board of Health was abolished.
60
CH3
What happened in 1866 to beliefs about public health?
- The ideas of Snow were widely accepted.
- In 1861, Louis Pasteur had proved that getms cause disease.
61
CH3
What did Joseph Bazalgette do?
When?
He built Londons new sewerage system which was 1300 miles of sewers.
1865
62
CH3
When was the Adulteration of Food Act made?
1860
63
CH3
What affect did the Adulteration of Food Act have?
POSITIVE
- It was the first law to try to regulate the contamination of food.
- Another blow to the laissez faire attitude.
- Called for the appointment of food analysts.
LIMITS
- Only 7 food analysts were appointed.
- Inspections weren’t compulsory.
- The act was ignored.
64
CH3
When was the Sanitary Act made?
1866
65
CH3
What affect did the Sanitary Act have?
POSITIVE
- All houses had to be connected to a mains sewer.
- It defined ‘overcrowding’
- Forced local authorities to take action to provide water, sewage treatment and waste disposal.
- These local authorities could be fined for neglecting their duties.
LIMITS
- Was slow to take affect.
66
CH3
When was the Sale of Food and Drugs Act made?
1875
67
CH3
What affect did the Sale of Food and Drugs Act have?
POSITIVE
- Improved the quality of basic foods.
- Introduced harsh sanctions for food adulteration.
- Local authorities were given powers to seize adulterated food.
68
CH3
When was the replacement Public Health Act made?
1875
69
CH3
What affect did the new Public Health Act have?
POSITIVE
- Local councils were forced to clean up towns.
- Medical officers and Sanitary Inspectors were to be appointed by local councils.
70
CH4
What effect did WW1 have on housing?
POSITIVE
- Government took responsibility for public housing.
- 50% of the promised 500,000 homes were built.
NEGATIVE
- Slow progress by the government.
71
CH4
What was the 1930s Housing Act?
Led to the clearance of slum housing completely.
72
CH4
What effect did WW2 have on housing?
POSITIVE
- Cheap, high-rise accommodation was built.
NEGATIVE
- High-rises destroyed the community spirit of back to back housing.
73
CH4
What effect did Thatcher have on housing?
POSITIVE
- People were encouraged to buy their council houses.
NEGATIVE
- Local councils could not replace the houses sold.
- More private landlords appeared who rented out poor quality accommodation for high prices.
74
CH4
What effect did war have on food?
- During the war, imports fell so food was rationed.
- Rationing led to healthy diets as people were encouraged to grow their own and eat well.
75
CH4
What effect did Technology have on food?
- Refrigeration and canning improved supply and made food cheaper.
- The invention of the microwave led to convenience foods becoming popular.
76
CH4
How did wealth effect food?
- After 1950, people became richer and could afford new technologies.
- Immigration led to Indian and Chinese foods becoming popular.
77
CH4
When was the Clean Air Act made?
1956
78
CH4
Why was the Clean Air Act made?
What did it do?
Smog was a huge problem in the early 1900s, it led to conditions such as pneumonia.
It forced people to burn smokeless fuels.
79
CH4
What effect have cars, computers and televisions had on public health?
They have led to inactivity as people have less need to walk and don’t spend their leisure time outdoors.
80
CH4
What was life expectancy in 1900s?
50
81
CH4
What was life expectancy in 2000s?
77
82
CH4
When was the Spanish Flu?
1918-1919
83
CH4
How did we respond to the Spanish Flu?
- Face masks were worn to prevent contamination.
- Newspapers, films and posters gave advice on how to prevent contamination.
84
CH4
What was the response to AIDS between 1970-1983?
- People raised awareness of the disease but there was a largely negative reaction.
- People were shamed for having the disease.
85
CH4
What was the response to AIDS between 1984-1985?
- Alarm and fear that AIDS could be spread easily through the slightest contact with a victim.
86
CH4
What were the responses to AIDS between 1986-1987?
- Better understanding developed.
- Diana shook hands and hugged an AIDS patient.
- Campaigns helped educate the public.
87
CH4
What were the responses to AIDS between 1988-1995?
- There was understanding and acceptance of AIDS.
- Support for charities and research grew.
- TV and media embraced the need to publicise the disease.
88
CH4
What were the responses to AIDS from 1996 onwards?
- There was a decline in awareness of the disease.
- Educating campaigns stopped.
- Cases began rising again.
89
CH4
When was the Free School Meals Act made?
1906
90
CH4
What did the Free School Meals Act do?
- Provided free, hot school meals to poor children.
- A School Milk Scheme was set up in 1934.
91
CH4
When was the Old Age Pension Act made?
1908
92
CH4
When were immunisations introduced?
1940
93
CH4
When was the National Insurance Act made?
1911
94
CH4
What did the National Insurance Act do?
It protected people against unemployment and sickness by providing money to live on.
95
CH4
When was the National Health Service set up?
1948
96
CH4
When was the link between smoking and cancer made?
1962
97
CH4
What did the government do in:
1964?
2007?
and 2016 in order to reduce smoking?
1964 - Banned advertisements of cigarettes.
2007 - Banned smoking in public places and buildings.
2016 - Made all cigarette packaging blank.
