MOA Flashcards
1
Q
CH4
What was offered to companies through the Pacific Railroad Act?
When?
A
$50 million
6,400 acres for every mile built.
1864
2
Q
CH4
Name a railroad company.
A
Central Pacific Railroad Company
Union Pacific Railroad Company
3
Q
CH4
Why did cattle business increase?
A
The demand for beef increased.
After the Civil War, many Texan soldiers found their cattle stock had massively increased.
4
Q
CH4
What was the Homesteaders Act?
When was it created?
A
It promised 160 acres of land if homesteaders would farm the land for 5 years.
1862
5
Q
CH4
How many people moved to the plains?
A
500,000
6
Q
CH4
What issues did homesteaders face?
A
Drought and strong winds,
Cleanliness and disease (Cholera, Typhoid, Pneumonia),
Poor quality farming land and weather,
Limited wood & materials,
Fire hazards,
Keeping warm in winter,
Far away from towns, hard to get supplies.
7
Q
CH1
When did Geoge Washington become president?
How much of his budget went into his military campaign?
A
1789
80%
8
Q
CH1
What was the Jefferson Land System?
A
Acres were sold at $1-2 but in chunks of 640 acres.
9
Q
CH1
How much did USA buy Louisiana for?
How much land was it?
A
$15 million
530 million acres
10
Q
CH1
When was the Cotton Gin invented?
By who?
What was the effect?
A
1793
Eli Whitney
Sped up cotton processing 50 fold.
11
Q
CH1
How did banks grow plantations?
A
Banks gave out loans to plantation owners so they could invest in new land etc.
12
Q
CH1
When was the New Orleans slave revolt?
Who led it?
A
1811
Charles Deslondes
13
Q
CH1
How much land did the Creeks & Seminoles lose during the conflict of 1814?
A
23 million acres of land.
14
Q
CH2
Who were the Apache?
A
They began by hunting buffalo on foot with bow& arrow.
They began to trade with farming communities for corn.
By 1830s they were a nomadic horse reliant culture that used rifles to attack other tribes to steal from them.
15
Q
CH2
Who were the Lakota Souix?
A
They initially began hunting buffalo in summer and farmed in winter, but once they had access to guns in 1830, they increasingly became nomadic hunters.
They lived in Tipi.
They believed in Wakan Tanka (the Great Spirit).
By 1839 they were the most dominant tribe on the plains.
16
Q
CH2
Why did Americans begin moving West?
When?
How many?
A
Economic downturn, cheap land.
1840s
443,000 by 1860
17
Q
CH2
What difficulties were faces by migrants as they moved West?
A
Bad weather (heat/heavy rain).
Crossing the Rocky Mountains.
Disease; Cholera and typhoid.
Injuries as wagons got stuck.
18
Q
CH2
Why did the Mormons move West?
When?
A
Persecution.
Their leader Joseph Smith was murdered by a mob.
1830s.
19
Q
CH2
Where did the Mormons move?
What difficulties did they face?
How did they overcome this?
A
Salt Lake City in Utah.
Bad weather for farming in Utah.
They introduced irrigation systems in order to improve crop yields.
20
Q
CH2
What were the environmental impacts of the California Gold Rush?
A
Hillsides were eaten away by the high power jets.
Chemicals used to extract gold killed wildlife.
21
Q
CH2
When was the California Gold Rush?
A
1848
22
Q
CH2
When was Pike’s Peak Gold Rush?
A
1858-59
23
Q
CH2
What was the social impact of the Pikes Peak Gold Rush?
A
- Higher populations of White Americans on the plains.
- White Americans on the plains caused Natives to move further away from their lands to hunt.
- Tension between Native Americans and White Americans.
24
Q
CH4
What were the causes of Little Crow’s War?
A
- Little Crow signed an agreement in 1861 in return for food and supplies for the government.
- The government gave the Dakota Sioux people no food and would not open up the emergency stores.
25
CH4
What were the events of Little Crow’s war?
1. In the summer of 1862, Little Crow led his warriors and attacked white people around Minnesota. They killed 500 settlers.
2. The Minnesota Militia attacked all Dakota in the area. They took men, women and children to huge prison camps.
26
CH4
What was the aftermath of Little Crow’s war?
- 38 Dakota Sioux were publicly hanged, many more were sent to prison.
- The remaining Sioux were forced to move to a reservation, where many starved.
27
CH4
What were the causes of Red Cloud’s war?
- In 1851, the government promised to respect Lakota lands via a treaty.
- In 1862, gold was found on the reservation and miners began moving into the area.
- Red Cloud led attacks on the miners along the Bozeman trail.
- The US government began setting up army forts in the area.
28
CH4
What were the events of Red Cloud’s War?
1. Between 1866 and 68, Red Cloud and his warriors fought the US army.
2. The government was forced to admit defeat.
29
CH4
What was the aftermath of Red Cloud’s war?
- The government signed the Fort Laramie treaty in 1868. They handed over land and promised no settlers would enter without permission.
- The defeat was humiliating and many argued that tougher policies were needed.
30
CH4
What were the causes of The Great Sioux War?
- Gold was discovered in the Black Hills of Dakota (Sioux land) in 1874.
- The government tried to buy the land but the hills were sacred to the Sioux and they would not sell.
- The US government ordered all Sioux to return to the area.
- Sitting Bull and his band had not returned, the army was sent out.
31
CH4
What were the events of the Great Sioux War?
1. In June 1876, General Custer found Sitting Bull’s camp.
2. Custer attacked the 6000 man camp with 210 cavalry men.
3. He lost…
32
CH4
What was the aftermath of the Great Sioux War?
- Sitting Bull was chased by the US army continuously.
- All Sioux were punished, the government stopped supplying them with rations.
- The Sioux were forced to sell their land and move to smaller reservations.
33
CH4.
How did homesteaders survive on the plains?
- Wind pumps were used to draw up clean water from the ground.
- Farmers learnt dry farming techniques and brought over new types of wheat.
- They used buffalo dung for cooking and heating.
- Everyone in the community helped with ploughing.
34
CH4.
Why did people move to the plains?
1. The Homesteaders Act
2. Economic downturn in the East
3. Ex slaves could buy land and escape from the South
4. Adverts
35
CH4.
What impacts did the railroads have on Native Americans?
The railroad cut through the natives land and disrupted the buffalo hunting grounds. They also encouraged settlers and ranchers onto the plains.
36
CH4.
How did the railroads impact workers?
- Thousands of jobs were created.
- 12,000 chinese immigrants worked on the rails.
- The jobs were dangerous and payed poorly.
- Accident and death rates among workers were high.
37
CH4.
How did the railroads impact the USA?
- New towns and settlements were created. Many, however, were violent, drunken and unruly.
- As these towns developed they got better.
- It became far easier to cross the USA, instead of months, it took days.
38
CH4.
What were Cow Towns?
- Located on railroad lines, they were places where cattle was bought and sold.
- Cowboys could rest and spend their wages in Cow Towns.
- They were violent and drunken, but by the 1870s many had developed their own laws.
39
CH4.
What were Cattle Ranches?
- Located on the plains, they were set up so the cows didn’t have to be driven all the way from Texas.
- Cattle ranches needed a lot of grass and water, overgrazing was a big problem.
40
CH3
When was the Civil War?
Why did it happen?
How many people died?
1861-1865
Political, economic and social divisions between North and South.
750,000 died.
41
CH3
What were the economic differences betwen North and South?
- The North had more factory based economy where as the South relied on farming.
- People in the South saw the North as too modern and ungodly.
- The abolition of slavery would not affect the North as much.
42
CH3
What were the political divisions between the North and South?
- More power was falling into the hands of the Northern states as they grew.
- The Republican Party was anti slavery, the South were very afraid of it.
- Abraham Lincoln was elected in 1860, he was a Republican.
- Many abolitionists were gaining support from the public.
43
CH3
How did Lincolns election lead to Civil War?
1. 1860 Lincoln elected
2. South Carolina votes to leave the USA in protest
3. 1861 Six other states have voted to secede. They form the confederacy.
4. Lincoln makes the Confederacy illegal.
5. April 15 1861 declared war.
44
CH3
What were the social divisions between the North and South?
1. The South believed god wished them to have power over black people.
2. Abolitionists came from the North, the North were more supportive.
45
CH3
What were the differences between
- housing
- jobs
- education
for black people in the North and South in 1861?
NORTH
- Black people often lived in poorer areas of the city with high rents.
- Black workers could get jobs, but not equal pay. They could not be in chatge of white workers.
- Most schools were segregated but black students were allowed to get a basic education.
- Some black people made it to university, worked as lawyers or doctors and lived in better houses.
SOUTH
-Plantation housing was small and cramped. Disease soread easily and there was no healthcare.
- Most black americans were enslaved.
- It was illegal for black americans to learn to read or right.
46
CH1
When did the USA gain independence?
1776
47
CH1
What were some economic reasons for thr growth of slavery in the Deep South?
1. Banks were willing to lend money to slave holders.
2. There was demand for cotton in Europe.
3. Existing slave holders saw a chance to make huge profits.
4. Eli Whitney invented the Cotton Gin in 1793.
48
CH1
What were some social reasons for the growth of slavery in the Deep South?
1. Many people did not believe slavery was morally wrong.
2. Many Southerners nelieved that slavery was a part of the natural order.
49
CH1
What were some political reasons for the growth of slavery in the Deep South?
1. Many presidents such as James Madison were slave holders.
50
CH1
What effect did cotton have on the Deep South’s economy?
1. By 1820, cotton made up 42% of all US exports.
2. Between 1815 and 1819, around 100,000 enslaved people were sold in the South.
51
CH3
What was the 13th Amendment?
When was the 13th Amendment made?
It abolished slavery in the South.
January 1865
52
CH3
What was the 14th Amendment?
When was it made?
The 14th Amendment said anyone born in the USA should be a US citizen, regardless of their skin.
April 1866
53
CH3
What was the 15th Amendment?
When was it made?
The 15th Amendment gave all black Americans the right to vote.
March 1870.
54
CH3
How did Lincoln affect reconstruction?
1. 13th Amendment
2. He set up Freedman’s Bureau
3. He tried to persuade the Union states to support the new amendment.
55
CH3
How did President Johnson affect reconstruction?
1. He forgave confederate soldiers and slave holders.
2. He stopped the Freedman’s Bureau.
3. He brought in the Black Codes.
4. He did little to stop the KKK.
5. He allowed the confederate to rejoin the USA.
56
CH1
How many slaves were there in the Southern states in 1838?
over 2 million
57
CH1
What were the 5 civilised tribes?
The Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek and Seminole.
58
CH1
How did the Cherokee simulate the USA?
The Cherokee tried to use the same positical structures as the USA.
By the 1820s the Cherokee had their own churches, schools and newspapers.
59
CH1
Who passed the Indian Removal Act?
When?
Andrew Jackson.
1830
60
CH1
What was the Indian Removal Act?
It was a law which promised Natives money if they agreed to relocate. Jackson set aside an Indian Territory.
61
CH1
How did the Choctaw and Cherokee respond to the Indian Removal Act?
- They quickly signed the treaties and began moving West.
- The Choctaw gave up 11 million acres and 15,000 moved to the Indian Territory.
- Thousands died due to disease and harsh weather.
62
CH1
How did the Cherokee respond to the Indian Removal Act?
- They took their case to the supreme court to complain about the state of Georgia’s actions.
- In 1832, the Supreme Court ruled that the Cherokee had a right to stay.
63
CH1
How did the Creek respond to the Indian Removal Act?
Refused to sign the treaty at all.
64
CH1
How did the US government enforce the Indian Removal Act?
Seminole, Creek, Cherokee
SEMINOLE
- Some Seminole did not agree to go.
- The Government declared war on them.
- During peace talks, Osceola, a chief was killed.
CREEK
- The army forcefully removed over 15,000 Creek to the Indian Territory between 1836-37.
CHEROKEE
- 16,000 Cherokee were forced into concentration camps.
- The Cherokee were forced to march to the Indian Territory. This was the ‘Trail of Tears’, where 4000 Native Americans died.
65
CH2
What were the social impacts of the California Gold Rush?
Mining towns formed. They were often male dominated and were full of gambling dens and very violent.
Native Americans were forced off the land. Any Native that had no job could be sold into slave labour.
66
CH2
What were the political impacts of the California Gold Rush?
California became a state.
San Francisco became a large city (56,000 people by 1860)
67
CH2
What was the political impact of Pike’s Peak Gold Rush?
Kansas developed. It became a state in 1861.
Tensions between the Native Americans and settlers meant by 1860, war was inevitable.
68
CH3
What was the Freedman’s Bureau?
It was a charity that helped ex-slaves by giving them ex-plantation land.
69
CH3
When was Lincoln shot?
April 1865
70
CH3
Why was the South unhappy with Reconstruction?
1. The South believed the North wanted more power.
2. White business owners grew rich through Reconstruction.
3. Many Northeners came to the South to make money out of Reconstruction. They were called Carpet Beggers.
71
CH3
How did life get worse for black americans in 1870?
1. In 1872, the Freedman’s Bureau was shut down.
2. Many black americans were sharecroppers.
3. In 1873, the Supreme Court said voting rights were in the hands of each state.
4. In 1875, the US Government said that bullying at voting booths was not their issue.
72
CH5
What big business/industry grew?
- Cotton and Tobacco
- Farms and Ranches
- Mining
73
CH5
What impact did the cotton and tobacco industry have on people?
1. Cotton was usually picked by poorly paid black americans.
2. New factories created low paid, low skilled jobs.
74
CH5
What impact did the farms and ranches have on people?
1. People who did not own their own land could get employment on a farm.
2. Bonanza farms controlled the best land and stopped smaller farms from competing.
3 Bonanza farms sometimes used violence to intimidate smaller farms.
75
CH5
What impact did the mining industry have on people?
1. Big corporations used their power to pay very low wages.
2. When steel workers went on strike in 1892, the local militia killed 6 workers.
3. Trade unions had little power.
76
CH5
How did the American Industry change and grow?
1. The number of cotton mills in the South doubled between 1880 and 1900.
2. The American Tobacco Company controlled 90% of cigarette production.
3. By 1900, most farms and ranches were owned by a handful of people.
4. Coal production in the South increased ten-fold between 1875 and 1890.
77
CH5
What was a bonanza farm?
A farm over 10,000 acres.
78
CH5
How did cities change?
- In 1870, there were 13 cities with populations over 100,000. By 1900 there were 38.
- Many cities were overcrowded. Big families would share tiny houses.
- In Chicago, 60% of babies died before the age of one.
79
CH5
What was the Ghost Dance movement?
When did it occur?
Lead by Wovoka, it was a group of people that believed if they danced and prayed, the settlers would be swept off the land and the buffalo would return.
1890s
80
CH5
What happened to the Ghost Dancers?
The US army tracked them down to a place called Wounded Knee. They killed 250 men, women and children.
In 1891, 4000 Ghost Dancers surrendered.
81
CH5
What were the Jim Crow Laws?
Give some examples.
The Jim Crow Laws limited black Americans in what they could do.
1. Introduced segregation into many Southern States.
2. In Arizona and elsewhere, interracial marriages weren’t recognised.
3. The ownership of guns by black Americans was limited.
82
CH5
How did life in the South change/not change after reconstruction?
1. Black Americans were prevented from getting highly payed jobs.
2. Majority of black Americans in the South were sharecroppers on land owned by former slave holders.
83
CH5
How did life change/not change in the North after reconstruction?
1. Many black Americans left the South to move to the Northern cities.
2. It was hard to get hired as a black person, even if very qualified.
84
CH5
What were the opportunities in the West for black Americans after reconstruction?
The Homesteaders Act was open to black Americans. By 1879, 6000 black Americans had moved to Kansas. By 1880, this had doubled.
85
CH5
How did education change for black Americans after reconstruction?
- Booker T. Washington set up a school to train black children to become farmers,
craftsmen and house servants.
- By 1900, there were 23,866 black teachers, 417 black doctors and 300 black lawyers in the USA.
86
CH5
Who came to America?
Why?
Jewish people, Eastern Europeans, Asians.
The American economy was booming in the 1880s.
Travelling to America was fast and cheap thansk to steam ships.
America offered freedom of religion and thought.
87
CH5
What was life like for immigrants in America?
1. Most immigrants lived in cities to find work.
2. Anti-immigrant violence was common.
3. Laws prevented Chinese workers from moving freely in California.
4. Immigrants ended up in the poorest ends of cities.
88
CH5
How many immigrants came to the US from Italy?
How did they get in?
600,000
They had to pass basic language and medical exams.
89
CH5
What happened to the Native Americans after the Great Sioux War?
- They were forced onto reservations.
- Many tribes were split up.
- The government neglected the reservations, many starved.
- The buffalo population collapsed, 3
million buffalo had been killed by 1883.
- Homesteaders, Ranches and Cow Towns caused the Plains Indians to starve as their lives were disrupted.
90
CH5
How did the US Government crush Native culture?
- The government took over Native courts and made Native Americans set up government structures like the US.
- Children were forced to learn English at boarding schools and have English names.
- Native Americans were forced to convert to Christianity.
- Natives were encouraged to live in houses instead of Tipis.
- Native american children were taught that the Plains Indians were savage and violent.
91
CH3
What changed for black Americans in the early stages of the Civil War?
- South Carolina’s slaves were freed.
- Land in the Sea Islands was given to slaves.
- Missionaries taught black people to read and write.
92
CH3
What didn’t change for black Americans during the early stages of the Civil War?
- The Union refused to commit to ending slavery.
- The Union army sometimes forced ex-slaves to do hard labour.
- There was opposition to black regiments.
- Slaves weren’t permitted to join the army.
93
CH3
What changed for black Americans during the later stages of the Civil War?
- The Emancipation proclamation was issued.
- Missionaries taught over 200,000 people to read and write.
- Ex-slaves took on jobs in the Union as barbers, mechanics and nurses.
94
CH3
What didn’t change for black Americans during the later stages of the Civil War?
- Many slaves became sharecroppers.
- The Emancipation Proclamation was not a constitutional amendment until after the war.
- Some black soldiers in the Union were given the worst jobs.
95
CH3
When was the Emancipation Proclamation made?
1863
96
CH3
What was housing like in the North for black Americans in 1861?
What was housing like in the South for black Americans in 1861?
NORTH
- Black people often lived in poorer areas with higher rent.
SOUTH
- Plantation housing was cramped and overcrowded.
97
CH3
What were jobs like in the North for black Americans in 1861?
What were jobs like in the South for black Americans in 1861?
NORTH
- Black people could get jobs, but not at equal pay.
- They could not be in charge of white workers.
SOUTH
- Most black Americans were enslaved.
98
CH3
What was education like for black Americans in the North in 1861?
What was education like for black Americans in the South in 1861?
NORTH
- Schools were mainly segregated.
- Some black people made it to university and worked as doctors and lawyers.
SOUTH
- It was illegal for black people to learn to read or write.
99
CH5
How did The Redeemers effect black Americans after reconstruction?
- They brought in literacy tests to stop black people from voting.
- They ignored violence against black people.
100
CH5
How many black Americans were lynched in 1892?
161
101
CH5
How did the KKK affect black Americans after reconstruction?
- They had a lot of influence and power, including with the local police.
- They enacted and encouraged violence against black Americans.
102
CH5
How did The Friends deal with corrupt governments?
- They exposed corrupt agents and tracked spending in reservations.
103
CH5
When was the Dawes Act passed?
1887
104
CH5
What did the Dawes Act do?
It gave each Native American family 160 acres and citizenship if they gave up claim to their tribal lands.
105
CH5
When were the Jim Crow Laws introduced?
1890s
106
CH5
When did Booker T. Washington set up his school?
1882
