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THE ELIZABETHANS Flashcards

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1
Q

CH1
How did Elizabeth control the royal court?

A
  • She chose courtiers personally.
  • Courtiers competed against each other for power, largely by trying to get on the Queen’s good side.
  • Patronage caused competition.
  • She often granted monopolies to people who pleased her.
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2
Q

CH1
What was the Privy Chamber?

A
  • A private area for the Queen.
  • Only the Queens most trusted courtiers could enter.
  • It had 19 members.
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3
Q

CH1
Who was William Cecil?

A
  • Elizabeth’s main minister for 40 years.
  • He wanted to suppress the Catholics more than the Queen.
  • He was not a ‘yes man’.
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4
Q

CH1
Who was Sir Francis Walsingham?

A
  • He was responsible for foreign affairs.
  • Strong puritan.
  • Didn’t flatter the Queen.
  • He was Elizabeth’s ‘spy master’.
  • He was hardworking and well educated.
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5
Q

CH1
When was Essex’s rebellion?

A

1601

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6
Q

CH1
Why did Essex rebel?

A

He wanted the job of Secretary of State, but after Cecil died, Elizabeth gave it to his son, Robert.

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7
Q

CH1
What did Elizabeth do to Essex that made him rebel?

A

After he made a truce with the Irish, Elizabeth banned him from the court and took away his government jobs, destroying his finances.

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8
Q

CH1
How did the Queen rule?

A

Through proclamation.

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9
Q

CH1
Why did the Queen need to call parliament?

A

To raise taxes or change laws she needed to summon parliament.

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10
Q

CH1
How long did parliament sit?

A

35 months out of her 45 year reign.

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11
Q

CH1
What topics were not allowed to be raised in parliament?

A

Religion, marriage, foreign affairs and succession.

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12
Q

CH1
Who opposed the Queen in parliament? When?

A

Puritan MPs and the likes of Walsingham and Cecil during the later years of her reign.

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13
Q

CH1
Who was John Stubbs?

A

A puritan MP.

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14
Q

CH1
What did John Stubbs do?

A

He wrote a pamphlet criticising Elizabeth’s proposed marriage to a French Catholic.

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15
Q

CH1
What happened to John Stubbs in 1579?

A

His right hand was cut off.

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16
Q

CH1
Who was Peter Wentworth?

A

A puritan MP.

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17
Q

CH1
What did Peter Wentworth do?

A

Urged Elizabeth to name a protestant successor.

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18
Q

CH1
What happened to Peter Wentworth in 1593?

A

He was imprisoned in the Tower of London.

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19
Q

CH1
What did MPs complain about in 1589?

A

Purveyances (The Queens right to buy cheap supplies).

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20
Q

CH1
What did MPs complain about in 1597?

A

Monopolies.

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21
Q

CH1
What did MPs complain about in 1601?

A

Monopolies again, much more forcefully.

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22
Q

CH1
How did Elizabeth respond to complaints about Purveyance?

A

She said it didn’t concern MPs but that she would look into their complaints.

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23
Q

CH1
How did Elizabeth respond to complaints about Monopolies?

A

She agreed to look into it but took no action.
Later, when parliament complained again, she gave a ‘Golden Speech’ flattering MPs and cancelled some monopolies.

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24
Q

CH1
What was the job of a Lord Lieutenant?

A
  • Responsible for overseeing law enforcement.
  • Told the Privy Council of any local problems.
  • Provided the Queen with part-time soldiers when needed.
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25
Q

CH1
Who was the Lord Lieutenant?

A

There was one per county and it was usually a very powerful noble.

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26
Q

CH1
What was the job of the Justices of the Peace?

A
  • Came in to direct contact with people.
  • Enforced Poor Laws, collected taxes, set wages and arranged road repairs.
  • They judged criminal cases every quarter.
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27
Q

CH1
Who was a Justice of the Peace?

A

There were approximately 40 in a county and they usually came from educated gentry families.

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28
Q

CH1
Who was a Justice of the Peace?

A

There were approximately 40 in a county and they usually came from educated gentry families.

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29
Q

CH1
What are the 8 P’s of propaganda?

A
  1. Progresses.
  2. Plays.
  3. Pageants.
  4. Publications.
  5. Portraits.
  6. Pennies.
  7. Prayers.
  8. Preaching.
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30
Q

CH1
How did Elizabeth use censorship?

A

She saw any plays in advance so they could be edited.
There were only 60 printing presses in England.

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31
Q

CH2
What was the Act of Supremacy?

A

Made Elizabeth Supreme Governor of the Church of England.

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32
Q

CH2
What was the Act of Uniformity?

A
  • Attendance to Anglican services was made compulsory. Fines were introduced to enforce this.
  • Catholic practices such as pilgrimage and saint’s day were banned.
  • The bible and services should be in English.
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33
Q

CH2
When were the Act of Supremacy and the Act of Uniformity introduced?

A

May 1559

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34
Q

CH2
What were the 4 responses to religious settlement?

A
  • Conformers.
  • Church papists.
  • Plotters.
  • Recusants.
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35
Q

CH2
Who were the Conformers?

A
  • Catholics who dropped their Catholic beliefs.
  • They were usually persuaded by sermons.
  • They avoided social and financial penalties.
  • Mainly from South and East England.
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36
Q

CH2
Who were the Church Papists?

A
  • People who stayed loyal to the pope but went to Anglican services.
  • Didn’t challenge the change but held Catholic beliefs privately.
  • They hoped Mary Queen of Scots would come to power.
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37
Q

CH2
Who were the Plotters?

A
  • Fewer than 200 people.
  • Plotted against Elizabeth.
  • Fiercly loyal to the Pope.
  • Believed it was God’s Will that she would lose power.
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38
Q

CH2
Who were the Recusants?

A
  • Wealthy English Catholics that refused to attend Anglican services.
  • Could afford to pay the fines.
  • Hoped that Mary Queen of Scots would come to power.
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39
Q

CH2
When did Mary Queen of Scots come to England?

A

1568

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40
Q

CH2
What efforts did the Catholic Church make to rebuild the Catholic faith in England?

A
  • The pope announced Elizabeth was a Heretic and had her excommunicated in 1570.
  • Catholic missionaries and priests were trained in Europe to keep the faith alive.
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41
Q

CH2
What was the Act of Persuasions?

A

Raised Recusancy fines by 10,000%.

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42
Q

CH2
When was the Act of Persuasions?

A

1581

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43
Q

CH2
What was the Act against Priests?

A

The Death Penalty was introduced for anyone who sheltered or aided a Catholic Priest.

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44
Q

CH2
When was the Act against Priests?

A

1585

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45
Q

CH2
What was the Recusancy Act?

A

Two-thirds of land owned by a recusant could be taken. This Act forced Treaham into debt.

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46
Q

CH2
When was the Recusancy Act?

A

1587

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47
Q

CH2
What was the Act Restraining Recusants?

A

Catholics had to stay within 5 miles of their homes and not hold large gatherings.

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48
Q

CH2
When was the Act Restraining Recusants?

A

1593

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49
Q

CH2
Who was Margaret Clitherow?

A

A Catholic martyr who died under torture after being accused of sheltering priests in 1586.

50
Q

CH2
What was a seminary priest?

A
  • Trained at seminaries in Europe.
  • Didn’t try to convert anyone.
  • Ran Mass and heard confessions.
51
Q

CH2
What was a seminary priest?

A
  • Trained at seminaries in Europe.
  • Didn’t try to convert anyone.
  • Ran Mass and heard confessions.
52
Q

CH2
What was a jesuit priest?

A
  • Trained to convert people.
  • Campion and Persons were the first to arrive.
  • Came in disguise.
53
Q

CH2
What happened to Campion?

A

He was executed in 1581 after being found in a priest hole.

54
Q

CH2
What was the ‘Bloody Question’?

A

Would the priest on trial be loyal to Elizabeth in the event of an invasion?

55
Q

CH2
When did the execution of priests peak?

A

1588

56
Q

CH2
Why did the Catholic threat fade?

A
  • Priests concentrated on the South-East but recusancy was strongest in the North-West.
  • Walsingham’s spy network overpowered the Catholic network.
  • Seminary and Jesuit priests argued over tactics.
  • They concentrated on the gentry but most people were lower class.
57
Q

CH2
When was the Throckmorton Plot?

A

1583

58
Q

CH2
What was the Throckmorton Plot?

A

A plot to replace Elizabeth with Mary Queen of Scots.

59
Q

CH2
What was the consequence of the Throckmorton Plot?

A
  • Throckmorton was arrested.
  • A Bond of Association followed whereby anyone related to the plot could be executed.
60
Q

CH2
What was the consequence of the Throckmorton Plot?

A
  • Throckmorton was arrested.
  • A Bond of Association followed whereby anyone related to the plot could be executed.
61
Q

CH2
When was the Babington Plot?

A

1586

62
Q

CH2
What was the Babington Plot?

A

Babington used coded messages to communicate with Queen Mary.

63
Q

CH2
What was the Babington Plot?

A

Babington used coded messages to communicate with Queen Mary.

64
Q

CH2
When was Mary Q of S executed?

A

8th February 1587

65
Q

CH2
What did Elizabeth do in 1559 to create tension with Spain?

A

She rejected an offer of marriage from King Philip II of Spain.

66
Q

CH2
What did Elizabeth do in the 1570s to create tension with Spain?

A

Supported privateers who attacked Spanish ships in the New World.

67
Q

CH2
What did Elizabeth do in 1585 to create tension with Spain?

A

Sent an army to help Dutch rebels fight against Spanish rule.

68
Q

CH2
When did the Spanish Armada start?

A

1587

69
Q

CH2
What are the three reasons the Spanish Armada failed?

A
  1. Planning.
  2. Luck.
  3. Tactics.
70
Q

CH2
What went wrong with the planning of the Spanish Armada?

A

They failed to pick up troops in the Netherlands due to difficult communication.

71
Q

CH2
What went wrong with the luck of the Spanish Armada?

A

Strong winds drove the Armada too far North.

72
Q

CH2
What went wrong with the tactics of the Spanish Armada?

A

English vessels were more manoeuvrable and the English guns loaded quicker.

73
Q

CH3
What were the long-term issues that led to problems during Elizabeth’s reign?

A
  • Rising population.
  • Rising prices.
  • Low wages.
74
Q

CH3
What were the short-term issues that led to problems during Elizabeth’s reign?

A
  • Harvest failure between 1586 and 97.
  • Downturn in woollen cloth demand.
  • Plague.
75
Q

CH3
How did York deal with Poverty in 1588?

A
  1. A poor rate was collected.
  2. Viewers classified poor people into 3 categories:
    - Impotent poor (physically unable),
    - Able-bodied poor (can’t find work),
    - Vagabonds (don’t want to work.
  3. These 3 categories were treated differently.
    - Impotent got 3 halfpence a day.
    - Able bodied were given wool and paid to spin.
    - Vagabonds were banned from the city.
76
Q

CH3
When was the Poor Law made?

A

1601

77
Q

CH3
What principles did the Poor Law set?

A
  • The poor were to be looked after by the state.
  • It should be payed for through taxes.
78
Q

CH3
What 6 things did the Poor Law enforce?

A
  1. JPs collected poor rates.
  2. Begging was forbidden.
  3. Vagrants were whipped.
  4. Impotent poor were put in Almshouses.
  5. Work was provided for able-bodied.
  6. Anyone refusing to work was made to do hard-labour.
79
Q

CH3
How did the gentry show off their wealth?

A

Built big renaissance-inspired country houses containing:
- Windows,
- Long galleries,
- Tall chimneys,
- Decorative oak panelling,
- Ornate fireplaces.

80
Q

CH3
What % of the population was Gentry?

A

2%

81
Q

CH3
What jobs did the middling sort do in the
- towns?
- countryside?

A

TOWNS
- Tradesmen or Craftsmen with their own businesses.
- Yeomen or Husbandmen who owned land.

82
Q

CH3
What features did the houses of the middling sort contain?

A
  • 5-10 rooms.
  • 2+ floors.
  • A parlour and other bedrooms.
  • Glass windows.
83
Q

CH3
What did the middling sort eat?

A

Some meat (beef, mutton and pork), bread, beer.

84
Q

CH3
What were the houses of the labouring poor like?

A
  • Small, dark and smoky.
  • Usually 2 rooms.
  • No upstairs, glass windows or chimneys.
85
Q

CH3
What food did the labouring poor eat?

A

Rye bread, pottage and occasional meat.
Many labouring poor died during famines.

86
Q

CH3
What percentage of brides were pregnant at their wedding?
Why?

A

30% because an unmarried mother was seen as sinful by the church.

87
Q

CH3
When did most people marry?

A

Mid to late twenties after saving up money.
Gentry married younger.

88
Q

CH3
What was the difference between marriage in wealthy families and the middling/labouring families?

A

Wealthy young people needed approval on their marriage.

89
Q

CH3
What were the expectations for wives in Elizabethan times?

A
  • Obey their husbands.
  • (Middling/poor) Wives would work.
  • Give advice to their husbands.
90
Q

CH3
What were the expectations for husbands in Elizabethan times?

A
  • Listen to their wives.
  • Not abusive.
  • Looked after the family (main worker).
91
Q

CH3
Was divorce possible?

A

Yes, but it was difficult and required an act of parliament. Most marriages ended with death.

92
Q

CH3
Was remarriage possible?

A

Yes, many children were brought up by step parents after the death of a parent.

93
Q

CH3
What was childhood like in Elizabethan times?

A
  • Children were expected to obey parents.
  • Wealthy boys went to school 7+.
  • Poor children were sent to work 7+.
  • Middling children were sent for apprenticeships 13+.
  • Little evidence for physicality at home but it still occurred.
94
Q

CH3
How many children died before 10?

A

25% of all children.

95
Q

CH3
Who were the most important socially for Elizabethans?

A

Immediate family and neighbours.

96
Q

CH4
What was the first theatre called?
When was it built?

A

‘The Theatre’ opened in 1576

97
Q

CH4
Where did the
- poor go
- rich go
in theatres?

A

POOR
- Yard or pit to stand.
- A penny to watch.

RICH
- Galleries were covered.
- Paid extra.

98
Q

CH4
What 4 reasons meant the London authorities oppose the theatres?

A
  • Feared it attracted petty criminals.
  • Feared it would spread plague.
  • Claimed that servants and apprentices were being distracted from work.
  • Wrote to the Privy Council asking for the closure but were ignored.
99
Q

CH4
What 4 reasons meant puritan preachers opposed the theatres?

A
  • Puritanism was strong in London.
  • Seen as pagan.
  • Reminded puritans of catholic miracle plays.
  • Thought it led to sinful behaviour such as sex outside of marriage.
100
Q

CH4
What were 4 popular pastimes?

A
  • Parish feasts/ales (festivals to celebrate local saint. Included morris dancing, plays, food & drink),
  • The ale house. (drink, gambling, sex),
  • Sport. (Football, boxing, bear baiting),
  • Calendar customs. (Mayday, Whitsun, Christmas, Shrove Tuesday.)
101
Q

CH4
Why did Merrymaking decline at the end of Elizabeth’s reign?

A

The puritan influence in parliament worked to ban events.

102
Q

CH4
What are 5 reasons the puritans disliked merrymaking?

A
  • Protecting the Sabbath,
  • Keeping control,
  • Reducing Catholic influence,
  • Reducing Pagan influence.
  • Preventing sex outside of marriage.
103
Q

CH4
What were witches otherwise known as?

A

‘cunning folk’ or ‘wise women’ believed to have magical power.

104
Q

CH4
How were witches used?

A
  • To tell the sex of an unborn child,
  • To recover stolen goods,
  • To cure illness.
105
Q

CH4
When did witchcraft become a criminal offence?

A

1563 after a law was passed.

106
Q

CH4
What did the witch law mean?

A
  • An accused person could be put on trial.
  • A guilty verdict meant the death penalty.
  • Witches who harmed or damaged property could be imprisoned.
107
Q

CH4
Which decades did witch trials increase in?

A

1570 and 1580

108
Q

CH4
How do we know social tensions led to accusations of witchcraft?

A
  • Accusations usually followed arguments between neighbours.
109
Q

CH4
How do we know gender led to accusations of witchcraft?

A
  • Vast majority of of ‘witches’ were women and the jury and magistrates were male.
  • Many of the accused were single, independent women who were ‘too good’ at something.
110
Q

CH4
How do we know gender led to accusations of witchcraft?

A
  • Vast majority of of ‘witches’ were women and the jury and magistrates were male.
  • Many of the accused were single, independent women who were ‘too good’ at something.
111
Q

CH4
How do we know religion led to accusations of witchcraft?

A
  • Puritans believed witchcraft was the devil, so where puritanism was strong (Essex), there were more accusations.
  • Where puritans tried to establish ‘godly communities’ accusations were also higher.
112
Q

CH5
What did John Dee do?
Why?

A

He produced a map and books to help with navigation.
He wanted a shift of power from the Spanish to the English.

113
Q

CH5
What did Francis Drake do?

A
  • First Englishmen to sail around the world.
  • Claimed Californian territory, ‘New Albion’.
  • Plundered Spanish and Portuguese ships.
  • Traded cloth for spices.
  • Was knighted.
114
Q

CH5
What did Humphrey Gilbert do?

A
  • Seatched for a sea route above North America to China, 2nd attempt was successful.
  • Claimed Newfoundland but didn’t create a colony.
  • Drowned in a shipwreck.
115
Q

CH5
What did Walter Raleigh do?

A
  • Scouted Roanoke for a colony in 1584
  • Set up the first colony, the Algonquian were friendly, the territory was named ‘Virginia’.
  • The Queen kept him in England but his expedition of 600 men colonised the area. Scientists were taken to study and record.
116
Q

CH5
Why did Roanoke colony fail?

A
  1. They lost supplies during a storm.
  2. Wingina the Algonquian chief became wary of the colonists.
  3. Lane killed Wingina and the Algonquians became hostile.
  4. Drake came to rescue them in 1586.
117
Q

CH5
Why was the failed colony still useful?

A
  • Harriot and White (scientist and artist) created ‘A Brief and True Report of … Virginia’ that helped the next colonisation (Jamestown) attempt succeed.
  • Raleigh’s book about Guiana encouraged later empire building.
118
Q

CH5
What did wealthy Elizabethans want from India and China?

A

Silk, cotton, jewels, perfume, cinnamon, nutmeg, cloves, ginger and pepper.

119
Q

CH5
What was the Turkey Company?

A

A company that was granted a monopoly to trade in the Eastern Mediterranean in 1581.

120
Q

CH5
What did Ralph Fitch do?

A
  • He carried letters of introduction to the Mughal and Chinese Emperors from the Queen.
  • He set up the grounds for the East India Trading Company.
  • He learnt about the wealth of the East.
  • He wrote about the people and customs.
121
Q

CH5
When was the East India Trading Company established?

A

1600 by John Lancaster.

122
Q

CH5
What did John Lancaster do?

A
  • Controlled EITC.
  • Set up Englands first post in Java in 1602 allowing English ships to begin trading spices.
  • His voyage of 1601-03 set up the foundation of the British Empire.

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