THE ELIZABETHANS Flashcards
1
Q
CH1
How did Elizabeth control the royal court?
A
- She chose courtiers personally.
- Courtiers competed against each other for power, largely by trying to get on the Queen’s good side.
- Patronage caused competition.
- She often granted monopolies to people who pleased her.
2
Q
CH1
What was the Privy Chamber?
A
- A private area for the Queen.
- Only the Queens most trusted courtiers could enter.
- It had 19 members.
3
Q
CH1
Who was William Cecil?
A
- Elizabeth’s main minister for 40 years.
- He wanted to suppress the Catholics more than the Queen.
- He was not a ‘yes man’.
4
Q
CH1
Who was Sir Francis Walsingham?
A
- He was responsible for foreign affairs.
- Strong puritan.
- Didn’t flatter the Queen.
- He was Elizabeth’s ‘spy master’.
- He was hardworking and well educated.
5
Q
CH1
When was Essex’s rebellion?
A
1601
6
Q
CH1
Why did Essex rebel?
A
He wanted the job of Secretary of State, but after Cecil died, Elizabeth gave it to his son, Robert.
7
Q
CH1
What did Elizabeth do to Essex that made him rebel?
A
After he made a truce with the Irish, Elizabeth banned him from the court and took away his government jobs, destroying his finances.
8
Q
CH1
How did the Queen rule?
A
Through proclamation.
9
Q
CH1
Why did the Queen need to call parliament?
A
To raise taxes or change laws she needed to summon parliament.
10
Q
CH1
How long did parliament sit?
A
35 months out of her 45 year reign.
11
Q
CH1
What topics were not allowed to be raised in parliament?
A
Religion, marriage, foreign affairs and succession.
12
Q
CH1
Who opposed the Queen in parliament? When?
A
Puritan MPs and the likes of Walsingham and Cecil during the later years of her reign.
13
Q
CH1
Who was John Stubbs?
A
A puritan MP.
14
Q
CH1
What did John Stubbs do?
A
He wrote a pamphlet criticising Elizabeth’s proposed marriage to a French Catholic.
15
Q
CH1
What happened to John Stubbs in 1579?
A
His right hand was cut off.
16
Q
CH1
Who was Peter Wentworth?
A
A puritan MP.
17
Q
CH1
What did Peter Wentworth do?
A
Urged Elizabeth to name a protestant successor.
18
Q
CH1
What happened to Peter Wentworth in 1593?
A
He was imprisoned in the Tower of London.
19
Q
CH1
What did MPs complain about in 1589?
A
Purveyances (The Queens right to buy cheap supplies).
20
Q
CH1
What did MPs complain about in 1597?
A
Monopolies.
21
Q
CH1
What did MPs complain about in 1601?
A
Monopolies again, much more forcefully.
22
Q
CH1
How did Elizabeth respond to complaints about Purveyance?
A
She said it didn’t concern MPs but that she would look into their complaints.
23
Q
CH1
How did Elizabeth respond to complaints about Monopolies?
A
She agreed to look into it but took no action.
Later, when parliament complained again, she gave a ‘Golden Speech’ flattering MPs and cancelled some monopolies.
24
Q
CH1
What was the job of a Lord Lieutenant?
A
- Responsible for overseeing law enforcement.
- Told the Privy Council of any local problems.
- Provided the Queen with part-time soldiers when needed.
25
CH1
Who was the Lord Lieutenant?
There was one per county and it was usually a very powerful noble.
26
CH1
What was the job of the Justices of the Peace?
- Came in to direct contact with people.
- Enforced Poor Laws, collected taxes, set wages and arranged road repairs.
- They judged criminal cases every quarter.
27
CH1
Who was a Justice of the Peace?
There were approximately 40 in a county and they usually came from educated gentry families.
28
CH1
Who was a Justice of the Peace?
There were approximately 40 in a county and they usually came from educated gentry families.
29
CH1
What are the 8 P’s of propaganda?
1. Progresses.
2. Plays.
3. Pageants.
4. Publications.
5. Portraits.
6. Pennies.
7. Prayers.
8. Preaching.
30
CH1
How did Elizabeth use censorship?
She saw any plays in advance so they could be edited.
There were only 60 printing presses in England.
31
CH2
What was the Act of Supremacy?
Made Elizabeth Supreme Governor of the Church of England.
32
CH2
What was the Act of Uniformity?
- Attendance to Anglican services was made compulsory. Fines were introduced to enforce this.
- Catholic practices such as pilgrimage and saint’s day were banned.
- The bible and services should be in English.
33
CH2
When were the Act of Supremacy and the Act of Uniformity introduced?
May 1559
34
CH2
What were the 4 responses to religious settlement?
- Conformers.
- Church papists.
- Plotters.
- Recusants.
35
CH2
Who were the Conformers?
- Catholics who dropped their Catholic beliefs.
- They were usually persuaded by sermons.
- They avoided social and financial penalties.
- Mainly from South and East England.
36
CH2
Who were the Church Papists?
- People who stayed loyal to the pope but went to Anglican services.
- Didn’t challenge the change but held Catholic beliefs privately.
- They hoped Mary Queen of Scots would come to power.
37
CH2
Who were the Plotters?
- Fewer than 200 people.
- Plotted against Elizabeth.
- Fiercly loyal to the Pope.
- Believed it was God’s Will that she would lose power.
38
CH2
Who were the Recusants?
- Wealthy English Catholics that refused to attend Anglican services.
- Could afford to pay the fines.
- Hoped that Mary Queen of Scots would come to power.
39
CH2
When did Mary Queen of Scots come to England?
1568
40
CH2
What efforts did the Catholic Church make to rebuild the Catholic faith in England?
- The pope announced Elizabeth was a Heretic and had her excommunicated in 1570.
- Catholic missionaries and priests were trained in Europe to keep the faith alive.
41
CH2
What was the Act of Persuasions?
Raised Recusancy fines by 10,000%.
42
CH2
When was the Act of Persuasions?
1581
43
CH2
What was the Act against Priests?
The Death Penalty was introduced for anyone who sheltered or aided a Catholic Priest.
44
CH2
When was the Act against Priests?
1585
45
CH2
What was the Recusancy Act?
Two-thirds of land owned by a recusant could be taken. This Act forced Treaham into debt.
46
CH2
When was the Recusancy Act?
1587
47
CH2
What was the Act Restraining Recusants?
Catholics had to stay within 5 miles of their homes and not hold large gatherings.
48
CH2
When was the Act Restraining Recusants?
1593
49
CH2
Who was Margaret Clitherow?
A Catholic martyr who died under torture after being accused of sheltering priests in 1586.
50
CH2
What was a seminary priest?
- Trained at seminaries in Europe.
- Didn’t try to convert anyone.
- Ran Mass and heard confessions.
51
CH2
What was a seminary priest?
- Trained at seminaries in Europe.
- Didn’t try to convert anyone.
- Ran Mass and heard confessions.
52
CH2
What was a jesuit priest?
- Trained to convert people.
- Campion and Persons were the first to arrive.
- Came in disguise.
53
CH2
What happened to Campion?
He was executed in 1581 after being found in a priest hole.
54
CH2
What was the ‘Bloody Question’?
Would the priest on trial be loyal to Elizabeth in the event of an invasion?
55
CH2
When did the execution of priests peak?
1588
56
CH2
Why did the Catholic threat fade?
- Priests concentrated on the South-East but recusancy was strongest in the North-West.
- Walsingham’s spy network overpowered the Catholic network.
- Seminary and Jesuit priests argued over tactics.
- They concentrated on the gentry but most people were lower class.
57
CH2
When was the Throckmorton Plot?
1583
58
CH2
What was the Throckmorton Plot?
A plot to replace Elizabeth with Mary Queen of Scots.
59
CH2
What was the consequence of the Throckmorton Plot?
- Throckmorton was arrested.
- A Bond of Association followed whereby anyone related to the plot could be executed.
60
CH2
What was the consequence of the Throckmorton Plot?
- Throckmorton was arrested.
- A Bond of Association followed whereby anyone related to the plot could be executed.
61
CH2
When was the Babington Plot?
1586
62
CH2
What was the Babington Plot?
Babington used coded messages to communicate with Queen Mary.
63
CH2
What was the Babington Plot?
Babington used coded messages to communicate with Queen Mary.
64
CH2
When was Mary Q of S executed?
8th February 1587
65
CH2
What did Elizabeth do in 1559 to create tension with Spain?
She rejected an offer of marriage from King Philip II of Spain.
66
CH2
What did Elizabeth do in the 1570s to create tension with Spain?
Supported privateers who attacked Spanish ships in the New World.
67
CH2
What did Elizabeth do in 1585 to create tension with Spain?
Sent an army to help Dutch rebels fight against Spanish rule.
68
CH2
When did the Spanish Armada start?
1587
69
CH2
What are the three reasons the Spanish Armada failed?
1. Planning.
2. Luck.
3. Tactics.
70
CH2
What went wrong with the planning of the Spanish Armada?
They failed to pick up troops in the Netherlands due to difficult communication.
71
CH2
What went wrong with the luck of the Spanish Armada?
Strong winds drove the Armada too far North.
72
CH2
What went wrong with the tactics of the Spanish Armada?
English vessels were more manoeuvrable and the English guns loaded quicker.
73
CH3
What were the long-term issues that led to problems during Elizabeth’s reign?
- Rising population.
- Rising prices.
- Low wages.
74
CH3
What were the short-term issues that led to problems during Elizabeth’s reign?
- Harvest failure between 1586 and 97.
- Downturn in woollen cloth demand.
- Plague.
75
CH3
How did York deal with Poverty in 1588?
1. A poor rate was collected.
2. Viewers classified poor people into 3 categories:
- Impotent poor (physically unable),
- Able-bodied poor (can’t find work),
- Vagabonds (don’t want to work.
3. These 3 categories were treated differently.
- Impotent got 3 halfpence a day.
- Able bodied were given wool and paid to spin.
- Vagabonds were banned from the city.
76
CH3
When was the Poor Law made?
1601
77
CH3
What principles did the Poor Law set?
- The poor were to be looked after by the state.
- It should be payed for through taxes.
78
CH3
What 6 things did the Poor Law enforce?
1. JPs collected poor rates.
2. Begging was forbidden.
3. Vagrants were whipped.
4. Impotent poor were put in Almshouses.
5. Work was provided for able-bodied.
6. Anyone refusing to work was made to do hard-labour.
79
CH3
How did the gentry show off their wealth?
Built big renaissance-inspired country houses containing:
- Windows,
- Long galleries,
- Tall chimneys,
- Decorative oak panelling,
- Ornate fireplaces.
80
CH3
What % of the population was Gentry?
2%
81
CH3
What jobs did the middling sort do in the
- towns?
- countryside?
TOWNS
- Tradesmen or Craftsmen with their own businesses.
- Yeomen or Husbandmen who owned land.
82
CH3
What features did the houses of the middling sort contain?
- 5-10 rooms.
- 2+ floors.
- A parlour and other bedrooms.
- Glass windows.
83
CH3
What did the middling sort eat?
Some meat (beef, mutton and pork), bread, beer.
84
CH3
What were the houses of the labouring poor like?
- Small, dark and smoky.
- Usually 2 rooms.
- No upstairs, glass windows or chimneys.
85
CH3
What food did the labouring poor eat?
Rye bread, pottage and occasional meat.
Many labouring poor died during famines.
86
CH3
What percentage of brides were pregnant at their wedding?
Why?
30% because an unmarried mother was seen as sinful by the church.
87
CH3
When did most people marry?
Mid to late twenties after saving up money.
Gentry married younger.
88
CH3
What was the difference between marriage in wealthy families and the middling/labouring families?
Wealthy young people needed approval on their marriage.
89
CH3
What were the expectations for wives in Elizabethan times?
- Obey their husbands.
- (Middling/poor) Wives would work.
- Give advice to their husbands.
90
CH3
What were the expectations for husbands in Elizabethan times?
- Listen to their wives.
- Not abusive.
- Looked after the family (main worker).
91
CH3
Was divorce possible?
Yes, but it was difficult and required an act of parliament. Most marriages ended with death.
92
CH3
Was remarriage possible?
Yes, many children were brought up by step parents after the death of a parent.
93
CH3
What was childhood like in Elizabethan times?
- Children were expected to obey parents.
- Wealthy boys went to school 7+.
- Poor children were sent to work 7+.
- Middling children were sent for apprenticeships 13+.
- Little evidence for physicality at home but it still occurred.
94
CH3
How many children died before 10?
25% of all children.
95
CH3
Who were the most important socially for Elizabethans?
Immediate family and neighbours.
96
CH4
What was the first theatre called?
When was it built?
‘The Theatre’ opened in 1576
97
CH4
Where did the
- poor go
- rich go
in theatres?
POOR
- Yard or pit to stand.
- A penny to watch.
RICH
- Galleries were covered.
- Paid extra.
98
CH4
What 4 reasons meant the London authorities oppose the theatres?
- Feared it attracted petty criminals.
- Feared it would spread plague.
- Claimed that servants and apprentices were being distracted from work.
- Wrote to the Privy Council asking for the closure but were ignored.
99
CH4
What 4 reasons meant puritan preachers opposed the theatres?
- Puritanism was strong in London.
- Seen as pagan.
- Reminded puritans of catholic miracle plays.
- Thought it led to sinful behaviour such as sex outside of marriage.
100
CH4
What were 4 popular pastimes?
- Parish feasts/ales (festivals to celebrate local saint. Included morris dancing, plays, food & drink),
- The ale house. (drink, gambling, sex),
- Sport. (Football, boxing, bear baiting),
- Calendar customs. (Mayday, Whitsun, Christmas, Shrove Tuesday.)
101
CH4
Why did Merrymaking decline at the end of Elizabeth’s reign?
The puritan influence in parliament worked to ban events.
102
CH4
What are 5 reasons the puritans disliked merrymaking?
- Protecting the Sabbath,
- Keeping control,
- Reducing Catholic influence,
- Reducing Pagan influence.
- Preventing sex outside of marriage.
103
CH4
What were witches otherwise known as?
‘cunning folk’ or ‘wise women’ believed to have magical power.
104
CH4
How were witches used?
- To tell the sex of an unborn child,
- To recover stolen goods,
- To cure illness.
105
CH4
When did witchcraft become a criminal offence?
1563 after a law was passed.
106
CH4
What did the witch law mean?
- An accused person could be put on trial.
- A guilty verdict meant the death penalty.
- Witches who harmed or damaged property could be imprisoned.
107
CH4
Which decades did witch trials increase in?
1570 and 1580
108
CH4
How do we know social tensions led to accusations of witchcraft?
- Accusations usually followed arguments between neighbours.
109
CH4
How do we know gender led to accusations of witchcraft?
- Vast majority of of ‘witches’ were women and the jury and magistrates were male.
- Many of the accused were single, independent women who were ‘too good’ at something.
110
CH4
How do we know gender led to accusations of witchcraft?
- Vast majority of of ‘witches’ were women and the jury and magistrates were male.
- Many of the accused were single, independent women who were ‘too good’ at something.
111
CH4
How do we know religion led to accusations of witchcraft?
- Puritans believed witchcraft was the devil, so where puritanism was strong (Essex), there were more accusations.
- Where puritans tried to establish ‘godly communities’ accusations were also higher.
112
CH5
What did John Dee do?
Why?
He produced a map and books to help with navigation.
He wanted a shift of power from the Spanish to the English.
113
CH5
What did Francis Drake do?
- First Englishmen to sail around the world.
- Claimed Californian territory, ‘New Albion’.
- Plundered Spanish and Portuguese ships.
- Traded cloth for spices.
- Was knighted.
114
CH5
What did Humphrey Gilbert do?
- Seatched for a sea route above North America to China, 2nd attempt was successful.
- Claimed Newfoundland but didn’t create a colony.
- Drowned in a shipwreck.
115
CH5
What did Walter Raleigh do?
- Scouted Roanoke for a colony in 1584
- Set up the first colony, the Algonquian were friendly, the territory was named ‘Virginia’.
- The Queen kept him in England but his expedition of 600 men colonised the area. Scientists were taken to study and record.
116
CH5
Why did Roanoke colony fail?
1. They lost supplies during a storm.
2. Wingina the Algonquian chief became wary of the colonists.
3. Lane killed Wingina and the Algonquians became hostile.
4. Drake came to rescue them in 1586.
117
CH5
Why was the failed colony still useful?
- Harriot and White (scientist and artist) created ‘A Brief and True Report of … Virginia’ that helped the next colonisation (Jamestown) attempt succeed.
- Raleigh’s book about Guiana encouraged later empire building.
118
CH5
What did wealthy Elizabethans want from India and China?
Silk, cotton, jewels, perfume, cinnamon, nutmeg, cloves, ginger and pepper.
119
CH5
What was the Turkey Company?
A company that was granted a monopoly to trade in the Eastern Mediterranean in 1581.
120
CH5
What did Ralph Fitch do?
- He carried letters of introduction to the Mughal and Chinese Emperors from the Queen.
- He set up the grounds for the East India Trading Company.
- He learnt about the wealth of the East.
- He wrote about the people and customs.
121
CH5
When was the East India Trading Company established?
1600 by John Lancaster.
122
CH5
What did John Lancaster do?
- Controlled EITC.
- Set up Englands first post in Java in 1602 allowing English ships to begin trading spices.
- His voyage of 1601-03 set up the foundation of the British Empire.
