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LUNR Flashcards

1
Q

CH1
What are 5 main nazi ideas?

A
  1. Bread and work
  2. Aryan supremacy
  3. Subdue the jews
  4. Destroy communism
  5. Abolish the treaty of versailles
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2
Q

CH1
How did Hitler use the Reichstag Fire?

A
  1. He blamed the fire on Van Der Lubbe.
  2. He widened the blame to communists as a whole.
  3. He persuaded President Hindenburg to pass the Reichstag Fire Decree.
  4. 4000 Communists were arrested, communist meetings were banned.
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3
Q

CH1
When was the Reichstag Fire?

A

27th February 1933

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4
Q

CH1
When was the Enabling Act passed?

A

24th March 1933

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5
Q

CH1
How did Hitler get rid of trade unions?

A

He arrested the union leaders.
The remaining few were promised a Day of National Labour to celebrate workers.
The next day, the remaining offices were raided and leaders arrested.
The German Labour Front was created.

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6
Q

CH1
When was The Night of Long Knives?

A

30th June 1934

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7
Q

CH1
What was the People’s Court?

A

A court in which political offenders were dealt with.
The nazi’s chose the judges.
The number of death penalties increased vastly, 40,000 germans were given death sentences.

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8
Q

CH2
Who were the SD?

A
  • The main intelligence gathering organisation.
  • Focused on opposition
  • Only a few hundred full time agents
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9
Q

CH2
Who were the Gestapo?

A
  • Focused on political opponents, Jewish and gay people
  • Only 15,000 active officers
  • It tapped phones and opened mail
  • Interrogation was often ruthless and torture was used
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10
Q

CH2
Who did the Nazis imprison between 1933-39?

A

Communists/ Political opponents

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11
Q

CH2
How did Youth Groups oppose the Nazis?

A

YOUNG COMMUNISTS
- Joined into gangs
- Dressed differently
- Wrote Anti Nazi flyers

CHRISTIAN YOUTH
- Illegal pilgrimages

SWING KIDS
- Listened to Jazz music
- Grew long hair and wore baggy clothes

EDELWEISS PIRATES
- Wore a white flower or badge as a sign of resistance
- Picked fights with Hitler Youth

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12
Q

CH5
Who collaborated?
Who Accomodated?
Who resisted?

A

COLLABORATION
- Belgium helped the Nazis recruit to the Waffen SS
- Serbia, The Chetniks agreed to work with Nazi forces.

ACCOMMODATION
- The danish people were allowed to keep their government in returns for good relationships with Germany.
- 3 Greek Prime Ministers were chosen bt Nazi occupiers.

RESISTANCE
- Polish people helped to rescure 450,000 Jewish people from certain death.
- The French Resistance ded information back to the allies.

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13
Q

CH1
When was the Munich Putsch?

A

8th Nov 1923

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14
Q

CH1
Why was Germany ready for a new government in 1932?

A

Wall Street Crash had led to a global Great Depression which hit Germany badly.
The Treaty of Versailles was affecting Germany’s economy badly.
The ruling government before the Nazis was weak and provided no solutions.

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15
Q

CH1
How did the Nazis use fear to establish power?

A

CIVIL SERVICE ACT
- April 1933, any civil servant (teachers, judges and lecturers) who was a political opponent or a non aryan was fired from their job.

ANTISEMITISM STARTED
- A nation wide boycott of Jewish businesses was encouraged.

BOOK BURNING
- Goebbels encouraged the burning of Jewish and Communist books.

USE OF THE SA
- The SA began terrorising Nazi opponents. By October 1933, 100,000 had been arrested.

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16
Q

CH1
What were the consequences of the Night of Long Knives?

A
  1. SA power was reduced. its membership dropped from 2.9 million in August 1934 to 1.6 million in October 1953.
  2. The SS had proved its loyalty to Hitler. It showed itself more valuable.
  3. 85 people were murdered.
  4. The army knew Hitler had chosen them over the SA and became very loyal.
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17
Q

CH1
When was the Act Concerning Head of State used? What did it do?

A

2nd August.
It made Hitler Fuhrer as President Hindenburg died.

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18
Q

CH2
How did the Nazis get a lot of their information?

A

Informants.

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19
Q

CH2
How did the Nazis use radios for propaganda?

A
  • All national and local radio stations were controlled by the Reich Radio Company.
  • The Nazis made cheap radio sets everyone could afford - The People’s Receiver.
  • By 1939, 70% of people had a radio in the home.
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20
Q

CH2
What other techniques did the Nazis use for propaganda?

A

NEWSPAPER
- 2/3 of Newspapers were owned by the Nazi regime.
- Content was highly controlled and censored.

POSTERS

RALLIES
- The largest rally was Nuremburg in 1934. 250,000 people attended.

FILM
- 2/3 of films were paid for by the state.

BERLIN OLYPMICS
- They built an 100,000 seat stadium.
- The games were used to promote the All-Aryan German team, who ended up winning the most medals.
- Jesse Owens a black athlete won four gold medals.

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21
Q

CH2
Which groups opposed the Nazis the most?
How?

A

SOCIAL DEMOCRATS
- Most SD leaders fled to Prague after 1933.
- Despite this, many formed new resistance groups.
- These groups produced anti Nazi leflets and posters.
- Many were hunted down by the Gestapo.

COMMUNISTS
- More visibly active than the SD, with meetings, propaganda and newsletters.
- They produced 10,000 copies of their newsletter The Red Flag every month.
- They were easy targets for the Gestapo.

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22
Q

CH2
How did the Church oppose the Nazis?

A

The church was the largest group outside of the Nazis. There were 22 million Catholics and 40 million Protestants.
- Christian teaching about love and forgiveness went against the Nazi ideas.
- Hitler promised to Pope Pius XI he would leave the church alone, however in 1936 Hitler banned all Church Youth groups and stopped all sunday schools.

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23
Q

CH2
How did Pope Pius XI resist the Nazis?

A
  • He wrote a letter called ‘With Burning Anxiety’ that was smuggled into Germanu and read out in all churches.
  • The letter condemned Nazi beliefs and methods. The next day the Gestapo raided all churches and seized copies of the later.
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24
Q

CH2
How did Martin Niemöller resist the Nazis?

A
  • He refused to join the Reich Church and founded a seperate non-nazi confessional church.
  • By 1934, 6000 pastors had joined, leavinf only 2000 in the Reich Church.
  • Niemöller preached against the racial policy and was arrested and sent to a concentration camp
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25
CH3 What schemes did the German Labour Front run?
STRENGTH THROUGH JOY - Holidays & leisure time. BEAUTY OF LABOUR - Aimed to improve the workplace by building facilities. REICH LABOUR SERVICE - Tackled unemployment. - All men aged 18-25 had to serve six months of hard labour.
26
CH3 When was the Law to Protect Retail Trade made? Was the Law to Protect Retail Trade successful?
1933 No, the number of craftsmen/artisans fell from 1.6m in 1936 to 1.5m in 1939
27
CH3 What did the Nazis do to encourage women to marry and have children?
- Loans of 1000 Reichmarks were offered to aryan couples. The debt was reduced by a quarter for every child the couple had. - The Honour Cross for the German Mother: - Bronze - 4 children - Silver - 6 - Gold - 8+ - Divorce was made easier.
28
CH3 Did the attempts to encourage women to marry and have children work?
- Marriages increase to 772,000 in 1939z - Births rose in the early 1930s but fell again in 1939.
29
CH3 What did the Nazis do to encourage women to stay home and not work?
- The loans were only given if the woman gave up her job. - However this requirement was removed as it was proving difficult.
30
CH3 What did the Nazis do to encourage women to not continue with higher education?
- Female enrolment in universities was limited to 10% of enrolment.
31
CH3 Did the attempts to encourage women to stay home work?
- The number of female employment actually rose between 1933-1939. - 2.7m Worked in industry, this rose to 3.3m.
32
CH3 Did attempts to stop women from being involved in higher education work?
- The number of women in higher education fell dramatically. - The lack of qualified women became a problem during the war.
33
CH3 When was membership of the Hitler Youth made compulsory?
1936
34
CH3 When was it made compulsory to attend Hitler Youth meetings?
1939
35
CH3 How did Hitler Youth indoctrinate the children of Germany?
- The children sang political songs, read Nazi books and paraded through towns. - Boy groups were often focused on preparation for the military e.g learning morse code, map reading and how to fire rifles. - Girl groups concentrated on domestic duties.
36
CH3 Why was the Hitler Youth not successful?
- Many young people were bored by the Hitler Youth meetings. - Some children enjoyed the activities but disliked the political messaging.
37
CH3 How did the persecution of the Jews begin?
- Social exclusion increased, such as “No Jews Wanted Here” signs. - Humiliation on the streets was common. - Publications portrayed Jewish people as greedy.
38
CH3 What did the antisemitic law made in - 1933 - 1935 - 1938 do?
1933 - Jewish people were not allowed to work in legal professions. 1935 - The Nuremberg laws made marriage between Jewish people and Germans illegal. 1938 - Jewish children were banned from non-Jewish schools.
39
CH3 When was Kristallnacht?
9th/10th November 1938
40
CH3 What was the impact of Kristallnacht?
- 267 synagogues were destroyed. - 7500 Jewish owned establishments were looted. - 91 Jewish people were murdered. - 30,000 Jewish men were sent to concentration camps.
41
CH4 What were the effects of the war economy?
- Military expenditure rose dramatically. - In 2 years, the percentage of military related goods rose from 23% to 47%.
42
CH4 When did the war economy begin?
December 1939
43
CH4 By 1941, how much of the German work force was in war-related work?
55%
44
CH4 How did Hitler’s war economy fail?
- Inefficiency & lack of a complete plan stifled the attempt. - Between 1939 and 1941, production of aircraft only rose by 2,500.
45
CH4 When was Albert Speer elected?
February 1942
46
CH4 What did Albert Speer focus on?
- Employing women. - Focusins factories on a single product. - Using concentration camp labour. - Ensuring skilled workers did not leave for the army.
47
CH4 How were the early war years for the german people?
- Rationing on food, clothes and coal was severe. - Rationing ensured most people ate enough but the quality of food was poor. - The rationing system was very complex.
48
CH4 How did the war change the roles of women in Germany?
- Women were not asked to work in factories. - The number of women working almost doubled to 1.5m in 1941. - Out of 30 Million women, 1.5m was still small. - Marriage loan restrictions began to lift.
49
CH4 How did bombing affect the lives of normal Germans and children?
- Most cities faced air raids 3/4 times a week. - In 1940, a child evacuation programme began. All children below 14 were eligible for a 6 month stay somewhere rural. - Older children were placed in Hitler Youth Camps. Only 15% of eligible children in Berlin attended
50
CH4 When was the July Bomb Plot? Who was involved?
1944 Colonel Stauffenberg.
51
CH4 How did Cardinal Galen criticise the Nazis?
He made 3 sermons focusing on the - Nazi use of terror. - Forceful taking of church property. - The murder of disabled people. 3 Catholic Priests were murdered but Galen survived due to being too prominent.
52
CH4 How did Dietrich Bonhoeffer oppose the Nazis?
- He joined the military intelligence. - He sent secret messages and helped Jewish people escape to Switzerland. He was a Protestant pastor. He was murdered by the SS.
53
CH4 How did the White Rose oppose the Nazis?
- Hans and Sophie Scholl produced their first 4 leaflets in 1942. - 6000 to 9000 copies of ‘An Appeal to All Germans’ (5th leaflet) were distributed to 9 German Cities. - The Scholls were caught distributing their 6th leaflet and were executed.
54
CH4 What are examples of passive resistance?
- Not saying Heil Hitler. - Telling Anti Nazi jokes. - Listening to the BBC. - Hiding Jewish people. - Reading banned books.
55
CH4 Why did many people not oppose the Nazis?
- Lack of knowledge of the atrocities. - Fear of the SS and Gestapo. - Propaganda won many people over.
56
CH4 When did total war begin?
1943
57
CH4 What was the impact of the total war policy on women?
- 3million women were called up to work. - Only 1m took up the call.
58
CH4 What was the impact of the total war policy on eliminating everything non-war?
- Professional sport was ended. - Magazines were shut down. - Non essential businesses were closed. - Products such as hair dye were prohibited.
59
CH4 What was the impact of the total war policy concerning propaganda?
- People were strongly encouraged to embrace the idea of total war.
60
CH4 Bombing got worse after 1943, what happened in: - Hamburg - Berlin - Dresden?
HAMBURG - 40,000 💀 - Half the city destroyed. BERLIN - 500,000 people were made homeless. - 100,000 injured. DRESDEN - 25,000 💀 - A firestorm destroyed 1600 acres of Dresden.
61
CH4 What were Goebbels policies about total war?
- Age limit for compulsory work was raised to 50 for women. - Theatres, opera houses and music halls were closed. - Railway and postal services were reduced to save fuel. - 500,000 workers were conscripted (this had a negative impact as they were factory workers) - There was an increased in foreign labour.
62
CH4 By 1944, how many foreign workers had been brought to Germany?
7.6 million
63
CH4 What was the Volkssturm?
- Men too young/old to join the army. - They received 4 days training. - No uniforms and bad weapons.
64
CH4 When did the Nazis surrender?
2nd of May 1945
65
CH5 What were the 4 Nazi aims during the occupation of Poland?
- Remove culture. - Remove Slavic Poles. - Remove other Poles. - Remove Jewish Poles.
66
CH5 How did the Nazis remove Polish culture?
- Schools. universities and all forms of leadership were destroyed. - 30,000 of the most talented Poles were arrested.
67
CH5 How did the Nazis remove Slavic Poles from Poland?
- 1.9million were murdered by the SS.
68
CH5 How did the Nazis remove other Poles from Poland?
- 1.5million were sent to do forced labour in Germany. - The Polish Decrees ordered that they be payed less and wear a P arm band.
69
CH5 How did the Nazis remove Polish Jews?
- 3.5million were forced to live in ghettos. - 3million would be murdered in death camps.
70
CH5 What was the Delegatura?
The Polish Resistance.
71
CH5 When was the Warsaw uprising? What were the consequences?
August 1944. 200,000 Poles were killed.
72
CH5 What happened in the Netherlands after the were occupied?
- Civil servants were allowed to keep their jobs. - The education system was not changed. - A Dutch SS brigade was made.
73
CH5 How did The Netherlands begin to oppose the Nazi occupation?
- 29th of June 1940, many Dutch people wore a white carnation to show support for the exiled royal family.
74
CH5 What happened in The Netherlands in 1941 that led to a change in attitude by the Nazis?
- 425 Dutch Jews were rounded up. - Dutch communists called for a strike in retaliation. - The Nazis shot at the marchers and 9 were killed. - 18 participants were shot after receiving the first death sentences under occupation.
75
CH5 What happened to the Jews in the Netherlands in 1943?
- Jews had to wear the Star of David. - 76% of the Dutch Jewish population were deported.
76
CH5 What happened to average Dutch people after 1943?
- 500,000 Dutch men were sent to be used as forced labour. - 20,000 Dutch people died of starvation - 20,000 resistance members were arrested.
77
CH5 Who did the Nazis murder?
Jews, Slavs, Sinti and Roma people, communists, gay and disabled people.
78
CH5 How many people did the Nazis murder? How many Jewish people?
11 Million total were killed. 6 Million of this were Jewish.
79
CH5 When did the Nazis use ghettos to solve the ‘Jewish Problem’? What were the ghettos like? (Warsaw?)
1939-1941. - Warsaw was the largest ghetto with 445,000 inhabitants. 140,000 died. - Ghettos were cramped, this led to disease and death.
80
CH5 When did the Nazis use the Einsatzgruppen to solve the Jewish problem?
1941
81
CH5 How did the Einsatzgruppen work?
- There were 4 units. - Each unit had 500-1000 men. - They rounded up Jewish people and communists in order to shoot them. - 1 million jewish people were killed this way.
82
CH5 What happened at Babi Yar in Ukraine?
33,000 Jewish people were murdered by the Einsatzgruppen in a single day.
83
CH5 When did the Nazis start to use gas to kill Jewish people? How did they use it?
1941 They would be gased to death in vans by exhaust fumes.
84
CH5 When were the first death camps created? What was this known as?
1942, 3 were operational. The ‘Final Solution’
85
CH5 How many Polish Jews were killed in total in the camps?
1.7 million.
86
CH5 What was the most famous death camp?
Auschwitz II-Birkenau
87
CH5 What was built at Auschwitz II-Birkenau in order to kill the Jews on a mass scale?
4 gas chambers and a large crematoria.
88
CH5 Who was sent to death at Auschwitz? Who was sent to do labour?
75% were sent to death. This included small children, old people, mothers/pregnant people. Healthy, fit people were sent to work such as teenagers and young men.
89
CH5 What was the gas used at Auschwitz?
Zyklon B.
90
CH5 How many people could be murdered a day at Auschwitz?
up to 12,000
91
CH5 What were the 3 types of responses to Nazi rule?
- Collaboration. - Accomodation. - Resistance.
92
CH5 What was the name for the ‘free’ zone of France?
Vichy France
93
CH5 What happened in France during occupation?
- Hundreds of thousands of French men became forced labourers. - 70,000 French Jews were deported to death camps.
94
CH5 How did France resist occupation?
The French Resistance was large and became pivotal in the war. Many people passively resisted by listening to the BBC.
95
CH5 Who was André Trocmé? What did he do?
A French protestant pastor who resisted the Nazis. - He arranged for 5000 Jews to be hidden around his parish. - He enabled many Jewish escapes to Switzerland. - He had to go into hiding for fear of being arrested.
96
CH5 Who was Coco Chanel? What did she do?
She was a famous fashion designer who collaborated with the Nazis. - She befriended the Nazis. - She began a romance with a Nazi. - She tried to persuade the authorities to remove the Jewish directors of her perfume company. She failed.
97
CH5 Who collaborated with the Nazis? How?
- In Belgium, the DeVlag movement had 50,000 members and helped the Nazis recruit. - In Serbia, the Chetniks agreed to work with Nazi forces in Yugoslavia.
98
CH5 Who accommodated the Nazis? How?
- The Danish people kept good relations with Germany in order to keep their government. - In Greece, 3 Prime Ministers were chosen by the Nazis and passed legislation that the Nazis demanded.
99
CH5 Who resisted the Nazis? How?
- In Poland, 45,000 Jewish people were rescued from certain death. - In Poland, the 1236 Bielski partisans escaped from ghettos and lived in forests where they completed sabotage missions against the Nazis.

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