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Pathophysiology & Pharmacology > Toxicology/Chemical Abuse > Flashcards

Toxicology/Chemical Abuse Flashcards

1
Q

self-directed use of drugs for non-therapeutic purposes that does not comply w/ social norms

A

abuse

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2
Q

indiscriminate use of drugs

- done at random or without careful judgment

A

misuse

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3
Q

types of dependency

A
  1. physical

2. psychological

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4
Q

unpleasant s/s occur when drug is stopped

A

physical dependency

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5
Q

feelings of satisfaction & pleasure from taking drug

A

psychological dependency

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6
Q

> drug dosage to experience same effect formerly produced from taking drug

A

tolerance

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7
Q

set of behavioral & physiological symptoms that accompany the withdrawal of a drug

A

withdrawal syndrome

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8
Q

4 reasons why someone becomes dependent or addicted to chemicals

A
  1. alter mood or perception
  2. produce unusual sensations
  3. > users perceived ability to function in society
  4. alleviate pain
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9
Q

any substance that in small amounts can cause death or serious bodily harm by chemical action

A

poison

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10
Q

any agent to counteract a poison

A

antidote

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11
Q

how do poisons affect the body

A

by interfering with cellular processes in a manner which ultimately interferes w/ respirations or circulatory processes

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12
Q

ways poisons interfere with cellular processes in the body

- carbon monoxide

A

combine with hemoglobin so that the body cannot use oxygen

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13
Q

ways poisons interfere with cellular processes in the body

- cyanide

A

interfere w/ enzymes which enable cell to use oxygen

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14
Q

ways poisons interfere with cellular processes in the body

- curare

A

depress (slow down) CNS, affect muscle tissue which supports respirations

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15
Q

ways poisons interfere with cellular processes in the body

- rat poison (for example)

A

alters pH of blood, causes massive bleeding

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16
Q

Types of poisonings

A
  • accidental
  • suicidal
  • criminal
  • industrial
  • food
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17
Q

non-intentional, typically children

A

accidental poisonings

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18
Q

intent to harm, overdose

A

suicidal poisonings

19
Q

poisonings that are planned to harm

A

criminal poisonings

20
Q

work, environmental poisonings

A

industrial poisonings

21
Q

most common type of poisonings

A

food poisoning

22
Q

sources of poisonings based on age

- children under 10

A

plants, soaps, detergents, cleaners, vitamins, OTC products

23
Q

sources of poisonings based on age

- teenagers (10-17)

A

carbon monoxide, abuse of alcohol, drugs or both, inhalers

24
Q

sources of poisonings based on age

- Young adults (18-21)

A

antidepressants, heroin, cocaine, alcohol

25
Q

sources of poisonings based on age

- adults (over 21)

A

antidepressants, anti-anxiety, codeine, cocaine

26
Q

prevention strategies for poisonings of children

A
  • Keep meds in their proper containers
  • Use childproof caps
  • Keep meds out of reach of children
  • Do not treat meds lightly or as candy (Mr. Yuk)
  • Read labels and do not mix products
  • Have emergency numbers handy
  • Use toxic chemicals in well vented areas
  • Destroy unused or old meds/chemicals
  • Identify houseplants
27
Q

steps to the assessment of poisonings

A
  1. identify what was taken
  2. gather baseline information: name, age, weight, address, phone #, VS
  3. identify major organs involved: CNS, cardiopulmonary, renal
  4. identify how much was taken and how long ago: describe substance ingredients, odor breath, burns on tongue or mouth
28
Q

sources of information for poisonings

A
  • Poison Control Center
  • Emergency Department at Hospital
  • Pharmacy
  • CDC
  • PDR or any drug reference book
29
Q

treatment of poisonings is focused around?

A

• Supporting vital functions
• Offering first aid, manage complications
• Prevention of further absorption
• Removal or elimination of poison
• Use of specific antidotes
Note: Look at what the poison does to the body; treat the person not the poison.

30
Q

interventions for inhaled substances

A

fresh air

31
Q

interventions for poison that come in contact with the skin

A
  • speed & shower
  • flood w/ water 2-3’’
  • remove clothes
  • wash soap & water
32
Q

interventions for poisons that come in contact with the eyes

A
  • rapid irrigation copious warm water 15”
  • do not use eye drops
  • hold eye open
  • remove contact lenses
33
Q

interventions for systemic overdoses of poisoning

A
  • induce vomitus (2 ways)
    • emesis: naturally occurring vomitus
    • syrup of Ipecac: directly stimulates the vomiting center and irritates the gastric mucosa
  • gastric lavage: irrigation of gastric contents
34
Q

Nursing Interventions for inducing vomitus and gastric lavage

A

Ensure proper positioning to prevent aspiration of gastric contents

35
Q

contraindications to syrup of ipecac/gastric lavage (5)

A

1) More than 1 hour has elapsed since ingestion
2) Under 1 year
3) Comatose or convulsing
4) Absent gag or cough reflex
5) Ingestion of sharp objects, CNS poisons, acids, petroleum distillates (gas, kerosene, etc.)

36
Q

inactivation of poison

- chemical antidotes

A

MOM, milk, egg whites, Na bicarb, activated charcoal

37
Q

agent which absorbs substances and prevents intestinal absorption (most common chemical antidote)

A

activated charcoal

38
Q

proper way to administer activated charcoal

A
  • do not administer immediately following Ipecac syrup (wait at least 30 min)
  • must contain sorbitol
  • give magnesium citrate (laxative) afterwards
39
Q

systemic antidote used for opioids

A

narcan

40
Q

systemic antidote used for benzodiazepines

A

ramazicon

41
Q

systemic antidote used for digoxin toxicity

A

digibind

42
Q

systemic antidote used for coumadin & heparin toxicity

A

vitamin K

43
Q

systematic antidote used for tylenol overdose

A

mucomyst

44
Q

how to hasten elimination

A

forced diuresis, dialysis, change of pH of urine

Pathophysiology & Pharmacology (6 decks)

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