Introduction to Pharmacology (Test 1) Flashcards
1
Q
characteristics of medications
A
- work on specific diseases
- specific MOA
- create adverse effects
- produce side effects
- mimic normal function in the body
2
Q
focus of medicines
A
improve quality of life
3
Q
study of medicines
A
pharmacology
4
Q
concerned w/ the prevention of disease & treatment of suffering
A
therapeutics
5
Q
application of drugs for the purpose of treating diseases & alleviating human suffering
A
pharmacotherapy
6
Q
influence blood clotting
A
anticoagulant
7
Q
lower blood cholesterol
A
antihypertensive
8
Q
lower blood pressure
A
antihypertensive
9
Q
restore normal cardiac rhythm
A
antidysrhythmic
10
Q
treat angina
A
antianginal
11
Q
diuretic (hypertension ex.)
A
lowers plasma volume
12
Q
calcium channel blocker (hypertension ex.)
A
blocks heart calcium channels
13
Q
angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (hypertension ex.)
A
blocks hormonal activity
14
Q
blocks physiological reactions to stress (hypertension ex)
A
adrenergic antagonist
15
Q
dilates peripheral blood vessels (hypertension ex)
A
vasodilator
16
Q
Assigned using standard nomenclature established by IUPAC
A
chemical name
17
Q
typically lowercase; only one for each drug
A
generic name
18
Q
many of these names; more expensive; has a registered trademark
A
trade/brand name
19
Q
contain more than one active ingredient; must look up both ingredients to get MOA
A
combination drugs
20
Q
who can prescription drugs be prescribed by
A
doctors, nurse practitioners, psychiatrists, dentists, (one more)
21
Q
OTC drugs
A
nonprescription drugs
22
Q
need a prescription; separated into 5 categories
A
controlled drugs
23
Q
illegal drugs
A
recreational drugs
24
Q
blood thinners
A
coumadin
25
treats hypothyroidism
synthroid
26
deals w/ the labeling of medicines
Pure Food and Drug Act
27
mass poisoning due to improper preparation
Elixir of sulfanilamide
28
safety; prevents the marketing of drugs not thoroughly tested; drug companies must submit NDA to FDA prior to marketing of drug
Food Drug & Cosmetic Act
29
split prescription & non-prescription drugs
Durham-Humphrey Amendment to FDCA
30
safety & efficacy testing (long term effects of drug)
Kefauver-harris Amendment
31
schedule 1 drugs (abuse potential, physical dependency, psychological dependency, example)
highest, high, high, LSD
32
schedule 2 drugs (abuse potential, physical dependency, psychological dependency, example)
high, high, high, Demoral
33
schedule 3 drugs (abuse potential, physical dependency, psychological dependency, example)
moderate, moderate, high, Codeine
34
schedule 4 drugs (abuse potential, physical dependency, psychological dependency, example)
lower, lower, lower, Valium
35
schedule 5 drugs (abuse potential, physical dependency, psychological dependency, example)
lowest, lowest, lowest, Cough syrup w/ codeine
36
only helped a tiny bit of the population get better; federal funding
Orphan Drug Act
37
Food & Drug modernization act
| - get through the process really quick
fast track system
38
Food & Drug modernization act
| - intended for one use, but we find it works for another use
off label uses
39
Food & Drug modernization act
| - allowed studies to be conducted on some children
use of children in studies
40
Food & Drug modernization act
| - drugs are known to cause death or serious injury
black box warnings
41
protected privacy of health info
HIPAA
42
socialized medical care
Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act
43
agency that regulate drugs
Food & Drug Administration (FDA)
44
agency that regulate narcotics (controlled substance regulation, all 5)
Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA)
45
agency that regulates communicable diseases
Centers for Disease Control (CDC)
46
nationwide organization that controls what nurses do
American Nursing Association (ANA)
47
each state has its own laws regarding drug administration by nurses
State Board of Nursing
48
administer wrong drug or dose
misfeasance
49
omit (didn't give it) a drug dose
nonfeasance
50
administer correct drug, wrong route
malfeasance
51
describe the process of drug development and approval including all phases
1. Pre-clinical testing: animal studies for safety
2. Submit Investigational New Drug (IND) Application: FDA approves or rejects it
3. Clinical testing: human studies (4 phases)
4. Phase 1: healthy volunteers (50-100)
5. Phase 2: individuals w/ disease (50-100)
6. Phase 3: individuals w/ disease (100+)
7. Submit New Drug Application (NDA) to FDA
8. Phase 4: (optional) post market studies; long term uses & additional uses
52
Steps of the nursing process
- Assessment
- Diagnosis
- Planning
- Implementation
53
subjective data
health history, drug history
54
objective data
physical exam, lab data, diagnostic tests
55
what happens in the planning phase of the nursing process
```
S (specific to patient)
M (measurable)
A (attainable)
R (realistic)
T (time limited)
```
56
components of a drug order
- date, time, patient name, & hospital #
- drug name, dosage, route, frequency
- MD name, nurses name, & title
- Prescriptions (# refills, duration, # dispense)
57
written protocols that authorize designated members of the health care team to complete certain clinical tasks w/o having to 1st obtain a physician order
standing order
58
documentation for withholding a medication
- patient refuses, side effects
| - notify physician and document
59
3 phases of drug action
- pharmacokinetic phase -
- pharmacodynamic phase
- pharmacotherapeutic phase
60
what the drug does to the body
pharmacodynamics
61
what the body does to the drug
pharmacokinetics
62
the average does that produces 1/2 of the desired response on most patients
(recommended dose)
- desired response 50% of the time
- the good half of the drug
ED50
63
produces death in one half of test animals
LD50
64
measurement of a drug's safety/toxicity
therapeutic index
65
formula for calculating the therapeutic index
LD50/ED50
66
the therapeutic index provides a drug's ____?
margin of safety
67
what does a wider curve say about a drug's margin of safety
wider the curve; the safer the drug
68
what does a narrower curve say about a drug's margin of safety
narrower the curve, the more toxic the drug
69
- measurement of the amount of active ingredient of the drug
- drug w/ the least amount of active ingredient producing its ED50
- produces therapeutic effect at lower dose
- how strong the drug is
relative potency
70
- the ability of a drug to produce an effect
- the maximum effect that a drug can produce
- how well it works
efficacy
71
medications that influence and change the environment of cells
nonspecific theory
72
five mechanisms of the nonspecific theory
- alteration of body chemistry (pH, osmotic pressure, electrolytes)
- absorption of toxins/drugs, electrolytes, bile salts in the intestinal tract
- create a physical barrier
- lubricates cells
- alters surface tension
73
mimic normal responses of the body
agonist drugs
74
block normal responses of the body
antagonist drugs
75
more receptors (due to antagonist drugs)
upregulation
76
less receptors (due to agonist drugs)
downregulation
77
type of therapy: new or immediate problem
acute
| - ex. appendicitis
78
type of therapy: maintains current functions, does not prevent progression
maintenance
| - ex insulin, BP meds
79
type of therapy: maintains normal functions
supplemental
| - ex. vitamins, protein drinks
80
type of therapy: maintains body function integrity
supportive
| - ex. IV fluids
81
type of therapy: preventative care
prophylactic
| - ex. antibiotics prior to surgery
82
type of therapy: end of life care, comfort measures
palliative
| - ex. pain medications
