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Pathophysiology & Pharmacology > Introduction to Pharmacology (Test 1) > Flashcards

Introduction to Pharmacology (Test 1) Flashcards

1
Q

characteristics of medications

A
  • work on specific diseases
  • specific MOA
  • create adverse effects
  • produce side effects
  • mimic normal function in the body
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2
Q

focus of medicines

A

improve quality of life

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3
Q

study of medicines

A

pharmacology

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4
Q

concerned w/ the prevention of disease & treatment of suffering

A

therapeutics

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5
Q

application of drugs for the purpose of treating diseases & alleviating human suffering

A

pharmacotherapy

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6
Q

influence blood clotting

A

anticoagulant

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7
Q

lower blood cholesterol

A

antihypertensive

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8
Q

lower blood pressure

A

antihypertensive

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9
Q

restore normal cardiac rhythm

A

antidysrhythmic

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10
Q

treat angina

A

antianginal

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11
Q

diuretic (hypertension ex.)

A

lowers plasma volume

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12
Q

calcium channel blocker (hypertension ex.)

A

blocks heart calcium channels

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13
Q

angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (hypertension ex.)

A

blocks hormonal activity

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14
Q

blocks physiological reactions to stress (hypertension ex)

A

adrenergic antagonist

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15
Q

dilates peripheral blood vessels (hypertension ex)

A

vasodilator

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16
Q

Assigned using standard nomenclature established by IUPAC

A

chemical name

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17
Q

typically lowercase; only one for each drug

A

generic name

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18
Q

many of these names; more expensive; has a registered trademark

A

trade/brand name

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19
Q

contain more than one active ingredient; must look up both ingredients to get MOA

A

combination drugs

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20
Q

who can prescription drugs be prescribed by

A

doctors, nurse practitioners, psychiatrists, dentists, (one more)

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21
Q

OTC drugs

A

nonprescription drugs

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22
Q

need a prescription; separated into 5 categories

A

controlled drugs

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23
Q

illegal drugs

A

recreational drugs

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24
Q

blood thinners

A

coumadin

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25
Q

treats hypothyroidism

A

synthroid

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26
Q

deals w/ the labeling of medicines

A

Pure Food and Drug Act

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27
Q

mass poisoning due to improper preparation

A

Elixir of sulfanilamide

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28
Q

safety; prevents the marketing of drugs not thoroughly tested; drug companies must submit NDA to FDA prior to marketing of drug

A

Food Drug & Cosmetic Act

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29
Q

split prescription & non-prescription drugs

A

Durham-Humphrey Amendment to FDCA

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30
Q

safety & efficacy testing (long term effects of drug)

A

Kefauver-harris Amendment

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31
Q

schedule 1 drugs (abuse potential, physical dependency, psychological dependency, example)

A

highest, high, high, LSD

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32
Q

schedule 2 drugs (abuse potential, physical dependency, psychological dependency, example)

A

high, high, high, Demoral

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33
Q

schedule 3 drugs (abuse potential, physical dependency, psychological dependency, example)

A

moderate, moderate, high, Codeine

34
Q

schedule 4 drugs (abuse potential, physical dependency, psychological dependency, example)

A

lower, lower, lower, Valium

35
Q

schedule 5 drugs (abuse potential, physical dependency, psychological dependency, example)

A

lowest, lowest, lowest, Cough syrup w/ codeine

36
Q

only helped a tiny bit of the population get better; federal funding

A

Orphan Drug Act

37
Q

Food & Drug modernization act

- get through the process really quick

A

fast track system

38
Q

Food & Drug modernization act

- intended for one use, but we find it works for another use

A

off label uses

39
Q

Food & Drug modernization act

- allowed studies to be conducted on some children

A

use of children in studies

40
Q

Food & Drug modernization act

- drugs are known to cause death or serious injury

A

black box warnings

41
Q

protected privacy of health info

A

HIPAA

42
Q

socialized medical care

A

Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act

43
Q

agency that regulate drugs

A

Food & Drug Administration (FDA)

44
Q

agency that regulate narcotics (controlled substance regulation, all 5)

A

Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA)

45
Q

agency that regulates communicable diseases

A

Centers for Disease Control (CDC)

46
Q

nationwide organization that controls what nurses do

A

American Nursing Association (ANA)

47
Q

each state has its own laws regarding drug administration by nurses

A

State Board of Nursing

48
Q

administer wrong drug or dose

A

misfeasance

49
Q

omit (didn’t give it) a drug dose

A

nonfeasance

50
Q

administer correct drug, wrong route

A

malfeasance

51
Q

describe the process of drug development and approval including all phases

A
  1. Pre-clinical testing: animal studies for safety
  2. Submit Investigational New Drug (IND) Application: FDA approves or rejects it
  3. Clinical testing: human studies (4 phases)
  4. Phase 1: healthy volunteers (50-100)
  5. Phase 2: individuals w/ disease (50-100)
  6. Phase 3: individuals w/ disease (100+)
  7. Submit New Drug Application (NDA) to FDA
  8. Phase 4: (optional) post market studies; long term uses & additional uses
52
Q

Steps of the nursing process

A
  • Assessment
  • Diagnosis
  • Planning
  • Implementation
53
Q

subjective data

A

health history, drug history

54
Q

objective data

A

physical exam, lab data, diagnostic tests

55
Q

what happens in the planning phase of the nursing process

A 
S (specific to patient)
M (measurable)
A (attainable)
R (realistic)
T (time limited)
56
Q

components of a drug order

A
  • date, time, patient name, & hospital #
  • drug name, dosage, route, frequency
  • MD name, nurses name, & title
  • Prescriptions (# refills, duration, # dispense)
57
Q

written protocols that authorize designated members of the health care team to complete certain clinical tasks w/o having to 1st obtain a physician order

A

standing order

58
Q

documentation for withholding a medication

A
  • patient refuses, side effects

- notify physician and document

59
Q

3 phases of drug action

A
  • pharmacokinetic phase -
  • pharmacodynamic phase
  • pharmacotherapeutic phase
60
Q

what the drug does to the body

A

pharmacodynamics

61
Q

what the body does to the drug

A

pharmacokinetics

62
Q

the average does that produces 1/2 of the desired response on most patients
(recommended dose)
- desired response 50% of the time
- the good half of the drug

A

ED50

63
Q

produces death in one half of test animals

A

LD50

64
Q

measurement of a drug’s safety/toxicity

A

therapeutic index

65
Q

formula for calculating the therapeutic index

A

LD50/ED50

66
Q

the therapeutic index provides a drug’s ____?

A

margin of safety

67
Q

what does a wider curve say about a drug’s margin of safety

A

wider the curve; the safer the drug

68
Q

what does a narrower curve say about a drug’s margin of safety

A

narrower the curve, the more toxic the drug

69
Q
  • measurement of the amount of active ingredient of the drug
  • drug w/ the least amount of active ingredient producing its ED50
  • produces therapeutic effect at lower dose
  • how strong the drug is
A

relative potency

70
Q
  • the ability of a drug to produce an effect
  • the maximum effect that a drug can produce
  • how well it works
A

efficacy

71
Q

medications that influence and change the environment of cells

A

nonspecific theory

72
Q

five mechanisms of the nonspecific theory

A
  • alteration of body chemistry (pH, osmotic pressure, electrolytes)
  • absorption of toxins/drugs, electrolytes, bile salts in the intestinal tract
  • create a physical barrier
  • lubricates cells
  • alters surface tension
73
Q

mimic normal responses of the body

A

agonist drugs

74
Q

block normal responses of the body

A

antagonist drugs

75
Q

more receptors (due to antagonist drugs)

A

upregulation

76
Q

less receptors (due to agonist drugs)

A

downregulation

77
Q

type of therapy: new or immediate problem

A

acute

- ex. appendicitis

78
Q

type of therapy: maintains current functions, does not prevent progression

A

maintenance

- ex insulin, BP meds

79
Q

type of therapy: maintains normal functions

A

supplemental

- ex. vitamins, protein drinks

80
Q

type of therapy: maintains body function integrity

A

supportive

- ex. IV fluids

81
Q

type of therapy: preventative care

A

prophylactic

- ex. antibiotics prior to surgery

82
Q

type of therapy: end of life care, comfort measures

A

palliative

- ex. pain medications

Pathophysiology & Pharmacology (6 decks)

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