Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Pathophysiology & Pharmacology > Pharmacokinetics (Test 1) > Flashcards

Pharmacokinetics (Test 1) Flashcards

1
Q

process by which drug moves from site of administration, across cell membranes, and enters the blood

  • how the drug get into the body
  • from the time the drug gets into the body until it hits the blood vessel
A

absorption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

how soon effects of the drug begin

A

rate of absorption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

intensity of the effects of the drug

A

amount of absorption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

factors affecting drug absorption (5)

A
  1. rate of dissolution/solubility
  2. drug routes
  3. blood flow to tissues
  4. conditions of GI tract
  5. drug interactions
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

factors affecting drug administration

A

compliance, medication errors, diff swallowing, wrong form

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

3 ways drug move across cell membrane

A
  1. pass through channels or pores
  2. transport systems (active/passive)
  3. direct penetration
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

explain lipid soluble drugs vs water soluble drugs in relation to the cell membrane

A

lipid soluble drugs cross cross cell membrane faster than water soluble drugs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q
  • use energy in the form of ATP

- cross from area of lower concentration to area of higher concentration

A

active transport

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

area of high concentration to area of low concentration; requires no energy

A

passive transport

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

drugs that use direct penetration

A

lipid soluble drugs and water soluble drugs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

drug routes (3)

A
  1. enteral
  2. parenteral
  3. topical/inhalants
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

goes through the GI tract and undergoes 1st pass effect

A

enteral drug route

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

outside the GI tract; most injections

A

parental drug route

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

skin & mucus membranes

A

topical/inhalants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

meds by mouth (po)

A

enteral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

advantages of enteral medications

A
  • easiest & cheapest
  • self-administration
  • safer than injections
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

disadvantages of enteral medications

A
  • less reliable due to 1st pass effect
  • may be inactivated by gastric acids or enzymes
  • may cause GI irritation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

speed of absorption (po meds) fastest to slowest

A
  1. liquids (elixirs, syrup)
  2. suspensions (MOM)
  3. powders (BC)
  4. capsules
    - sustained release (SR)
    - extended release (XL)
  5. tablets
    - enteric coated
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

other enteral medications

A

rectal suppositories

gastric/NG tubes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

explain first pass effect

A
  1. medication is taken in through mouth or rectum
  2. it goes into the GI tract and is absorbed into portal vein
  3. it is then transported into the liver; enzymes break it down
  4. it is then transported into the blood and distribution begins
    (all enteral medications must undergo 1st pass effect which means it has to go into the liver before undergoing systemic circulation)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

factors that decrease enzyme activity in the liver and effect 1st pass effect

A
  • age: elderly and infants

- liver disease: cirrhosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

parental route injections

A

IV, IM, SQ, or SC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

IV advantages

A
  • preferred route in an emergency
  • 100% absorption; greatest control
  • can administer large volumes & irritant drugs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

IV disadvantages

A
  • expensive, time-consuming, irreversible
  • higher infection rates
  • must read labels
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

IM/SQ factors

A
  • affected by blood flow to tissue
  • SQ has slower absorption rate (bc has less vessels)
  • used for depot preps
  • painful, may cause nerve damage or tissue injury
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Topical med routes

A

SL (tongue), buccal (cheek), vaginal, rectal, ID (intradermal, inhalants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

forms of inhalants

A

nebulizers, gases, sprays, powders

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

advantages of topical medications

A

deliver a constant amount of drug over long time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

disadvantages of topical medications

A
  • slow onset, except inhalants

- absorption varies w/ form and area of application

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

local effects

A

affect one body system or a single organ

ex. antacids, visine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

systemic effects

A

affect multiple body systems or organs

ex. antibiotics, antiinflammatories

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

describe blood flow to tissues

A

the greater the blood flow to an area the greater the rate of absorption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

way to increase blood flow to tissues and speed of absorption; contrarily how to decrease blood flow to tissues and limit absorption

A

application of heat; application of cold

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

highly vascular areas vs low vascular areas

A

HVA absorb medications faster than LVA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

examples of highly vascular areas

A

intestinal tract, lungs, and skeletal muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

examples of. low vascular areas

A

adipose tissue, edematous tissue, bone

37
Q

conditions of GI tract

A
  • surface area
  • GI motility
  • pH partitioning
38
Q

describe how surface area affects absorption

A

the larger the surface ares; the faster the rate of absorption
- Gastric by pass surgery

39
Q

describe how GI motility affects absorption

A

the greater the contact time, the greater the rate of absorption

40
Q

describe constipation related to absorption

A

more contact time of drug; so absorption should be greater

41
Q

describe diarrhea or vomiting in relation to absorption

A

less contact time so absorption should be less

42
Q

the amount of drug that is absorbed into the blood stream and available to exert a systemic effect

A

bioavailability

43
Q

multiple drugs with identical active ingredients in the same dosage forms, with the same route of administrations, exerting the same effect (generic drugs vs brand drugs)

A

bioequivalent

44
Q

movement of drug throughout body to gain access to target cell and allow drug to exit vascular system for elimination

  • where drug goes to in the body
  • when drug hits the blood vessel
A

distribution

45
Q

site of action where the drug response occurs (pharmacodynamics)

A

the target cell

46
Q

factors affecting distribution

A
  • blood flow
  • plasma protein binding/affinity
  • tissue trapping
  • physiological barriers
47
Q

describe blood flow or perfusion in relation to distribution

A

greater the perfusion the faster the distribution

48
Q

high perfusion areas

A

brain, heart, major arteries, lungs, kidneys

49
Q

poor perfusion states

A

shock, hypotension, peripheral vascular diseases, vasoconstrictor drugs, abscesses, and large neoplasms

50
Q

2 forms that drugs circulating the blood exist in

A
  1. free drugs/unbound drugs

2. protein bound drugs

51
Q

free to circulate and bind to targets and produce a response (pharmacodynamics)

A

free drugs/unbound drugs

52
Q
  • physically attached to a binding site, on albumin molecule

- inactive until released from the protein; do not produce a response

A

protein bound drugs

53
Q

conditions that reduce albumin binding sites

A
  • hypoalbuminemia

- malnutrition

54
Q

certain tissues can trap drugs preventing them from free distribution to the body

A

tissue trapping

ex. lipid soluble drugs, tetracyclines, iodine containing drugs, B-vitamins & fat soluble vitamins

55
Q

areas in the body which have anatomic configurations to prevent free drugs from entering

A

physiological barriers

56
Q

ex of physiological barriers

A
  • blood brain barrier
  • placenta barrier
    • 1st trimester: majority of birth defects associated w/ drugs
    • 3rd trimester: placenta begins to wear down & allowing medications to cross (baby gets more effect of drug)
57
Q

FDA pregnancy risk categories

A

only give A and B drugs to patient

58
Q
  • biological transformation of a drug into an inactive metabolite, a more soluble compound, or a more potent metabolite
  • liver converts lipid soluble drug into water soluble compound to increase elimination
  • how the body chemically modifies the drug
A

metabolism or biotransformation

59
Q

factors affecting metabolism

A
  • disease state (liver disease)
  • enzyme activity
  • age: elderly & infants
  • food/drug interactions
60
Q

a drug is metabolized by an enzyme which results in the increased activity of that enzyme. the multiple enzymes increase the speed of drug metabolism

A

enzyme induction

61
Q

primary site of metabolism

A

liver (enzyme p-450)

62
Q

removal of drugs from the body

A

excretion

63
Q

primary site of excretion

A

kidney

64
Q

factors affecting excretion (3)

A
  1. blood circulation
  2. pH of urine
  3. age
65
Q

normal waste products from metabolism of drugs in the body (excretion phase)

A

BUN lab

66
Q

catobolism (body breaks down own cells)
- occurs in patients w/ renal failure
- growth spurt of child
(excretion phase)

A

creatinine lab

67
Q

high BUN level; normal creatinine level

A

dehydration

68
Q

low BUN level; normal creatinine level

A

overhydration

69
Q

elevated BUN; elevated creatinine level

A

renal failure

70
Q

additional routes of elimination

A
  • lungs
  • sweat gland
  • mammary
  • salivary
  • bowel
71
Q

drugs in the bile are secreted into the intestine, some is reabsorbed into the blood, the rest is secreted in the feces

A

enterohepatic recycling

72
Q

plasma drug levels after a single dose of an oral medication

A

single dose time course

73
Q

time interval bw administration of drug and the first sign of action

A

onset of action

74
Q

the lowest plasma concentration that will produce a therapeutic effect

A

minimal effective concentration (MEC)

75
Q

highest plasma concentration attained from a single dose

A

peak plasma effect

76
Q

time interval bw onset of action and termination of action

A

duration of action

77
Q

the range plasma concentration in which the drug effect is produced without producing toxicity

A

therapeutic range

78
Q

plasma concentration of a drug that results in dangerous adverse effects

A

toxic level

79
Q

period of time in which the drug effect is no longer seen

A

termination of effects

80
Q

the time required for the amount of drug in the body to decrease by 50%; determines dosing intervals

A

drug half-life

81
Q

drug levels with repeated doses

A

multiple dose time course

82
Q

effects of multiple dose time course

A
  • drug accumulation
  • plateau/steady state: allows drug to accumulate in the blood until a state is achieved where the amount of drug eliminated equals the dose administered
  • takes 4-5 half lives to reach a steady state
83
Q

the concentration of a drug in the blood which correlates to the drug’s response

A

plasma drug levels

84
Q

importance of measuring plasma drug levels

A

allows us to adjust dosages and times of administration when the drug is not therapeutic or it becomes toxic

85
Q

goal of peak and trough levels

A

to keep the peak level below the toxic concentration and the trough level above the MEC to maintain therapeutic levels

86
Q

how to reduce fluctuations of multiple drug dosing

A
  • give continuous infusions

- reduce dosage size and interval

87
Q

technique used when a drug has a long half-life (explain it)

A

loading doses vs maintenance drugs
- administer a large initial dose (loading dose) to increase blood plasma levels, then give smaller doses (maintenance dose) to maintain blood plasma levels

88
Q

once the drug is discontinued, it will take 4-5 half lives to be eliminated from the body

A

decline from plateau

Pathophysiology & Pharmacology (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions