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Pathophysiology & Pharmacology > Skin, Ear, & Eye (Test 1) > Flashcards

Skin, Ear, & Eye (Test 1) Flashcards

1
Q

2 Types of Hearing Loss

A
  1. Conductive hearing loss

2. Sensorineural hearing loss

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2
Q

occurs when sound is not conducted efficiently through the outer ear canal to the middle ear

A

conductive hearing loss

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3
Q

causes of conductive hearing loss

A

otitis media, perforated eardrum, benign tumors, impacted earwax (cerumen), foreign body, malformation of the outer ear, ear canal, or middle ear

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4
Q

damage to the inner ear (cochlea)

A

sensorineural hearing loss

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5
Q

causes of sensorineural hearing loss

A

birth injury, ototoxic drugs, noise exposure, viruses, head trauma, aging, and tumors

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6
Q

an inner ear disorder associated with excess fluid in the labyrinth

A

meniere’s disease

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7
Q

triad of symptoms for meniere’s disease

A

vertigo, tinnitus, and hearing loss

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8
Q

treatment for meniere’s disease

A

low sodium diet, no caffeine, alcohol or tobacco, decrease stress, diuretics, antiemetics, antivert

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9
Q

categories of ototoxic drugs for permanent hearing loss

A
  • aminoglycoside antibiotics
  • anti-neoplasms
  • environmental chemicals
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10
Q

categories of ototoxic drugs for intermittent (transient) hearing loss

A
  • loop diuretics

- aspirin and quinine products

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11
Q

gentamicin, streptomycin, kanamycin, tobramycin, neomycin, amikacin, netilmicin, dihydrostreptomycin, and ribocycin

A

aminoglycoside antibiotics (all end in mycin)

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12
Q

cisplatin and carboplatin

A

anti-neoplastics (all end in platin)

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13
Q

mercury, carbon disulfide, styrene, carbon monoxide, tin, lead

A

environmental chemicals (heavy metals)

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14
Q

bumetanide (Bumex), furosemide (Lasix)

A

loop diuretics

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15
Q

an infection of the ear canal from bacteria or fungi (“swimmer’s ear”)

A

otitis externa

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16
Q

symptoms of otitis externa

A

ear pain, swelling of the canal, redness

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17
Q

treatment of otitis externa

A

wick, antibiotics, steroids

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18
Q

fluid, typically pus in the middle ear (“middle ear”)

A

acute otitis media

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19
Q

symptoms of acute otitis media

A

pain, redness of the eardrum, possible fever

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20
Q

treatment of acute otitis media

A

motrin, tylenol for pain and fever, antibiotics only for bacteria infections (rare)

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21
Q

viral infections

A
  • verrucae (warts)
  • herpes simplex (HSV)
  • herpes zoster (shingles)
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22
Q

verrucous papules usually less than 1 cm

A

Verrucae or warts

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23
Q

what is verrucae (warts) caused by?

A

HPV

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24
Q

vesicles on an erythematous base (red blisters)

A

Herpes simplex (HSV)

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25
Q

vesicular lesions along a dermatone

A

Herpes Zoster (shingles)

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26
Q

fungal infections

A
  • candida albicans (candidiasis)

- tinea infections

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27
Q

whitish curds

A

candida albicans (candidiasis)

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28
Q

scaly border and central clearing

A

tinea infections

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29
Q

bacterial infections

A

impetigo

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30
Q

honey-colored crusts

A

impetigo

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31
Q

inflammatory conditions

A
  • discoid lupus erythematosis (DLE)
  • seborrheic dermatitis (cradle cap)
  • psoriasis
  • pityriasis rosea
  • acne vulgaris
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32
Q

butterfly rash

A

discoid lupus erythematous (DLE)

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33
Q

dry yellow scales or plaque

A

seborrheic dermatitis (cradle cap)

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34
Q

silvery scales

A

psoriasis

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35
Q

hearlds patch in Christmas tree pattern

A

pityriasis rosea

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36
Q

open and closed comedones

A

acne vulgaris

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37
Q

allergic skin responses

A
  • atopic dermatitis (eczema)
  • allergic & irritant contact dermatitis
  • urticaria or drug erruptions
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38
Q

pruritic (itchy rash)

A

atopic dermatitis (eczema)

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39
Q

poison ivy, erythema w/ vesicles

A

allergic & irritant contact dermatitis

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40
Q

erythema or whitish swellings (wheals)

A

urticaria or drug eruptions

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41
Q

parasitic infections

A
  • scabies
  • lice
  • ticks
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42
Q

mites that burrow

A

scabies

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43
Q

visible mites and nits

A

lice

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44
Q

burrow in the epidermis

A

ticks

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45
Q

carcinomas

A
  • basal cell carcinoma
  • squamous cell carcinoma
  • malignant melanomas
  • kaposi’s sarcoma
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46
Q

single pearly domed nodule with telangiectatic vessels

A

basal cell carcinoma

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47
Q

nonhealing ulcerated or warty nodule

A

squamous cell carcinoma

48
Q

highly malignant

A

malignant melanomas

49
Q

ABCDE for malignant melanomas

A 
A = asymmetry 
B = border is irregular 
C = color variation (black, brown, red, white, or bluish) 
D = diameter 
E = elevation above skin level
50
Q

purple lesion

A

kaposi’s sarcoma

51
Q

topicals & dermatologicals

A
  • antiseptic & disinfectant
  • astringents
  • emollients
  • cleansers & baths
  • rubs/liniments
  • corticosteroids/glucocorticoids
  • protectives
  • keratolytics
  • antiinfectives
  • ectoparasiticidal
  • acne medications
52
Q

used to clean skin

A

antiseptic

53
Q

cleans inanimate objects

A

disinfectant

54
Q

drying effects

A

astrigents

55
Q

softens or soothes

A

emollients

56
Q

aveeno, oatmeal are examples

A

cleaners & baths

57
Q

Ben-Gay is an example

A

rubs/liniments

58
Q

relief of inflammatory

A

coricosteroids/glucocorticoids

59
Q

barrier on the skin

A

protectives

60
Q

principle protectives

A

zinc oxide

61
Q

soften scales

A

keratolytics

62
Q

inhibiting CNS

A

ectoparasiticidal

63
Q

accutane is an example

A

acne medications

64
Q

contraindications of accutane

A

may only take accutane if you’re on birth control

65
Q

normal IOP value

A

about 20 or lower mmHg

66
Q

2 types of glaucoma

A
  • primary open-angle glaucoma

- angle-closure glaucoma

67
Q

patho of primary open angle glaucoma

A

Aq humor is unable to drain from canal due to obstruction. However, the canal has a normal opening

68
Q

symptoms of primary open-angle glaucoma

A

progressive loss of peripheral vision than central vision, painless, no symptoms until extensive optic nerve damage. vision loss is irreversible

69
Q

risk factors of primary open-angle glaucoma

A

elevation of IOP, race, family history of POAG, advancing age

70
Q

treatment of primary open-angle glaucoma

A

goal is to prevent progression by reducing IOP
two ways:
1. facilitate aq humor outflow or
2. decrease production

71
Q

emergency condition, irreversible vision loss in 1-2 days

A

angle-closure glaucoma

72
Q

patho of angle-closure glaucoma

A

angle is narrow, iris maybe displaced and cover the trabecular meshwork. rapid increase of Aq humor and IOP

73
Q

symptoms of angle-closure glaucoma

A

sudden onset severe eye pain, N & V, irreversible vision loss in 1-2 days

74
Q

cloudy lens with loss of vision. bilateral loss at different rates

A

cataracts

75
Q

causes of cataracts

A

trauma to the eye, elevated glucose levels in Aq humor, irradiation to the lens, viruses, chemicals, infections, vitamin deficiencies, advancing age

76
Q

symptoms of cataracts

A

grayish, pearly haze of the pupil, loss of vision

77
Q

treatment of cataracts

A

surgical lens implant

78
Q

spontaneous separation of the retina from the epithelium layer

A

retinal detachment

79
Q

symptoms of retinal detachment

A

floaters, flashes of light, blurred black spots, painless sensation of curtain coming over eye

80
Q

treatment of retinal detachment

A

eye rest (bilateral patches), ocular surgery

81
Q

symptoms of diabetic retinopathy

A

blurred central vision, cloudy or hazy vision of sudden onset, related to blood glucose levels

82
Q

treatment of diabetic retinopathy

A

laser photocoagulation surgery to seal leaking blood vessels and destroy abnormal ones

83
Q

pharmacological treatment

A

beta blockers, cholinergic agonists, adrenergic agonists, prostaglandins, & carbonic anhydrase inhibitors

84
Q

types of beta blockers related to glaucoma (2)

A

nonselective: timolol

B1 selective: betaxolol

85
Q

MOA of beta blockers for the treatment of glaucoma

A

decrease production of Aq humor (2)

86
Q

use of Timolol

A

first line treatment for open angle glaucoma

87
Q

use of betaxolol

A

used w/ other meds for emergency management of acute-angle closure glaucoma

88
Q

side effects of beta blockers

A

ocular stinging, conjunctivitis, blurred vision, photophobia, dry eyes

89
Q

types of cholinergic agonists related to glaucoma (2)

A

direct acting: pilocarpine

AChE inhibitors: Physostigmine

90
Q

MOA of pilocarpine

A

stimulates cholinergic receptors in eye to produce:

1) miosis
2) contraction of the ciliary muscle

91
Q

MOA of physostigmine

A

inhibits Ach breakdown promotes accumulation of Ach producing miosis, and decreasing IOP

92
Q

use of pilocarpine

A

first line drug for initial & maintenance therapy of open angle glaucoma & emergency treatment of acute angle closure glaucoma

93
Q

use of physostigmine

A

used for POAG

reserved for patients refractory to beta blockers, pilocarpine, epinephrine

94
Q

side effects of pilocarpine

A

miosis, blurred vision, retinal detachment, local irritation, eye pain, brow ache

95
Q

side effects of physostigmine

A

cataracts, myopia

96
Q

types of adrenergic agonists (2)

A

nonselective: epinephrine

alpha 2 selective: apraclonidine

97
Q

MOA of epinephrine

A

stimulates alpha & beta adrenergic receptors; decreases IOP by increasing Aq humor outflow (1)

98
Q

MOA of apraclonidine

A

lowers IOP by reducing Aq humor production (2)

99
Q

use of epinephrine

A

open-angle glaucoma

100
Q

use of apraclonidine

A

short term therapy of open-angle glaucoma

pre-op laser trabeculoplasty or iridotomy

101
Q

side effects of epinephrine

A

headache, brow ache, blurred vision, ocular irritation, mydriasis which aggravates angle-closure glaucoma, retina edema

102
Q

side effects of apraclonidine

A

headache, dry mouth & nose, altered taste, conjunctivitis, lid reactions, pruritus, tearing, blurred vision

103
Q

type of prostaglandin

A

latanoprost

104
Q

MOA of latanoprost

A

decreases IOP by increasing Aq humor outflow by relaxing ciliary muscle (1)

105
Q

use of latanoprost

A

open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension

106
Q

side effects of latanoprost

A

irreversible heightened brown pigmentation to iris, blurred vision, burning, stinging, conjunctival hyperemia, keratopathy

107
Q

types of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors (2)

A

systemic: acetazolamide
topical: dorzolamide

108
Q

MOA of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors

A

decreases IOP by decreasing Aq humor production (2)

109
Q

use of acetazolamide

A

long term treatment of open-angle glaucoma

110
Q

use of dorzolamide

A

open angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension

111
Q

side effects of acetazolamide

A

malaise, anorexia, fatigue, paresthesia, acid-base disturbances, nephrolithiasis

112
Q

side effects of dorzolamide

A

ocular stinging, bitter taste, conjunctivitis, lid reactions, blurred vision, tearing, eye dryness, photophobia

113
Q

nursing implications for the treatment of glaucoma

A
  • educate on symptoms
  • may need to use artificial tears
  • use caution when driving at night
  • wear sunglasses
  • report sudden eye pain immediately
114
Q

anticholinergic agent medication for diagnostic procedures

A

atropine

115
Q

adrenergic agonist medication for diagnostic procedures

A

phenylephrine

Pathophysiology & Pharmacology (6 decks)

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