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Pathology & Diseases > Toxicology and Poisonous Plants > Flashcards

Toxicology and Poisonous Plants Flashcards

1
Q

Chocolate contains theobromine and caffeine which are both classified as

A

methylxanthines

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2
Q

Resulting signs of methylxanthines

A

hyperactivity, tachycardia, tachypnea, trembling and potentially death

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3
Q

The more __ the chocolate the more toxic it is

A

bitter

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4
Q

LD 50 of Chocolate

A

100-200 mg/kg

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5
Q

Clinical signs of Alliums (Onions, Garlic, Shallots, Leeks, Chives)

A

hemolytic anemia, hemoglobinuria, V+, weakness, pallor

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6
Q

Clinical signs for rising/yeast bread dough are associated with

A

ethanol toxicosis and foreign body obstruction; severe abdominal pain, bloat, V+, incoordination, depression

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7
Q

Grapes and raisins may cause

A

acute kidney injury in dogs

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8
Q

LD 50 for Tobacco products

A

20-100mg

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9
Q

Death from ingesting tobacco products is due to

A

respiratory paralysis

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10
Q

Clinical signs of xylitol

A

Dogs: hypoglycemia (w/in 30min. of ingestion) secondary to the release of insulin; liver failure and coagulopathy

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11
Q

Why is xylitol toxic to dogs?

A

it is quickly absorbed into the bloodstream resulting in a potent release of insulin from the pancreas

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12
Q

Tx for ingestion of an acid

A

DILUTION

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13
Q

Alkali cause __ lesions than acidic compounds

A

Deeper

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14
Q

Detergents may be

A

nonionic, anionic, cationic

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15
Q

Anionic detergent

A

low toxicity, usually limited to cutaneous, ocular, oral, GI irritation

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16
Q

Cationic detergents

A

Rapidly absorbed and may produce sever local and systemic toxicities. Cats may get oral ulcerations and stomatitis

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17
Q

First aid tx to ingestion of corrosive agents

A

DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING! oral dilution w/ milk or water

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18
Q

One _ can cause zinc poisoning in a dog

A

penny

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19
Q

Clinical signs for ingestion of zinc

A

PU/PD, hemoglobinuria, diarrhea, weight loss, anemia, V+, GI ulcers

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20
Q

First step of tx for zinc ingestion

A

Remove zinc from GI tract via sx or endoscopy. Activated charcoal is not effective

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21
Q

Pathology of lead

A

combines with RBC and makes them fragile resulting in anemia and capillary damage

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22
Q

When is veterinary tx of ingesting mothballs required?

A

Always

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23
Q

Pathology of mothballs

A

Heinz-body anemia, hemolysis, methemoglobinemia, affects liver, RBC, CNS

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24
Q

What is methemoglobin?

A

A type of hemoglobin that carries oxygen through the blood but doesn’t release it to the cells

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25
Q

Marijuana is toxic to

A

Dogs, cats, and horses

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26
Q

Clinical signs of marijuana ingestion

A

prolonged depression, V+, incoordination, sleepiness, hyper salivation, dilated pupils, low bp, low temp., seizure, coma

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27
Q

Tx for ingestion of marijuana

A

Induce vomiting if ingested in last 30 minutes, activated charcoal, supportive care

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28
Q

Members of Rhododendron app. (azalea) contain substances known as grayantoxins which lead to

A

cardiovascular dysfunction

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29
Q

Severe azalea poisoning could ultimately lead to

A

coma and death from cardiovascular collapse

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30
Q

Ricin is one of the most _ plant toxins known, _ are most potent

A

potent; seeds

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31
Q

Lillies are highly toxic to

A

cats (severe kidney damage)

32
Q

Ingestion of one or two Sago Palm seeds can result in

A

V+,D+, depression, seizures, and liver failure

33
Q

Pathology of Calcium-Oxalate-Containing plants

A

Calcium oxalate crystals expelled in the mouth upon chewing, resulting in oropharyngeal edema

34
Q

Clinical signs of ingestion of Calcium-Oxalate-Containing plants

A

oral irritation, burning of lips, mouth, tongue, drooling, V+, difficulty swallowing

35
Q

Ingestion of ____ from fallen branches causes lysis of the RBC with the subsequent development of hemolytic anemia

A

wilted or partially dried maple leaves

36
Q

the native red maple is a potent killer of

A

horses and ponies

37
Q

Horses often die within _ hours of ingestion of wilted maple leaves

A

18-24

38
Q

_ _ is the most common result of bracken fern poisoning

A

Enzootic hematuria

39
Q

Bracken ferns primarily affect

A

Cattle, and less frequently sheep

40
Q

Poisoning of bracken fern most often occurs during ____

A

late summer when other feed is scarce, or when animals are fed hay containing bracken fern; requires prolonged exposure

41
Q

Clinical signs of Enzootic hematuria

A

affected cattle are weak, rapidly lose weight, and develop pyrexia (106-110F)

42
Q

Most animals respond to __ for tx of bracken staggers

A

thiamine therapy

43
Q

SLUDGE stands for:

A

Salivation, Lacrimation, Urination, Defecation, GI cramping, Emesis

44
Q

Fly bait clinical signs

A

SLUDGE

45
Q

Many systemic Insecticides contain

A

Disulfoton, an organophosphate

46
Q

Antidote for systemic insecticides

A

Atropine and 2-PAM

47
Q

Snail or slug baits usually contain

A

Metaldehyde

48
Q

Clinical signs of ingestion of snail or slug bait

A

tachycardia, nervousness, panting, drooling, incoordination, hyperthermia, tremors, seizure

49
Q

Gopher or mole bait may contain zinc phosphide, which is converted to _ _ in the stomach

A

phosphine gas

50
Q

Released phosphine gas results in

A

severe respiratory distress

51
Q

Death occurs from gopher/mole bait because of

A

respiratory failure

52
Q

3 main types of rat/mouse bait

A
  1. anticoagulants
    2.bromethalin
    3.Cholechalciferol
53
Q

Anticoagulants include:

A

Short acting and long acting

54
Q

What do anticoagulant rodenticides do to the body

A

halts the recycling of Vitamin K resulting in blood clotting abnormalities and can result in spontaneous hemorrhage

55
Q

Rait bait-Bromethalin clinical signs

A

Muscle tremors, seizures, hyper excitability, ataxia, CNS depression, loss of vocalization, paresis, paralysis, and death

56
Q

Minimum duration of Vitamin K therapy for Wafarin

A

14 days

57
Q

Minimum duration of Vitamin K therapy for Bromadiolone

A

21 days

58
Q

Minimum duration of Vitamin K therapy for Brodifacoum and others

A

30 days

59
Q

Rat bait types of anticoagulants

A

Warfarin, Bromadiolone, Brodifacoum

60
Q

Cholecalciferol causes

A

kidney failure, CVS abnormalities, tissue mineralization

61
Q

Antifreeze prodcuts

A

Methanol, Propylene Glycol, Ethylene Glycol

62
Q

Methanol is most commonly found in

A

windshield washer fluids

63
Q

Small exposure vs Large exposure of methanol

A

Sm: only mild GI upset
L: supportive care for metabolic acidosis

64
Q

Main ingredient in the safer antifreeze forms and 3x less toxic than ethylene glycol

A

Propylene Glycol

65
Q

Most dangerous form of antifreeze

A

Ethylene Glycol

66
Q

Toxic metabolites of EG cause

A

severe metabolic acidosis and renal tubular epithelial damage

67
Q

Other than bloodwork, ethylene glycol can be examined in the

A

urine

68
Q

Preferred method of tx for ethylene Glycol but is not effective in cats

A

Fomepizole

69
Q

Other tx for Ethylene Glycol can be used in dogs and cats

A

Ethanol

70
Q

Human NSAIDS toxic to animals

A

Acetaminophen, Aspirin, Ibuprofen

71
Q

One extra strength (500mg) tablet ingest by a cat can result in

A

toxicosis

72
Q

Acetaminophen is rapidly and almost completely

A

absorbed from the GI tract

73
Q

No dose of acetaminophen is safe in cats since they are deficient in

A

glucuronyl transferase

74
Q

There are acceptable daily dosages of __ in dogs and cats

A

Aspirin

75
Q

Clinical signs of overdoses

A

depression, V+, GI ulceration, increased bleeding times, hematemesis, anorexia, tachypnea, and more

76
Q

__ may be used therapeutically but can cause gastric ulcers and is generally not recommended

A

Ibuprofen

77
Q

Clinical signs of Ibuprofen

A

GI ulcerations, perforations, hemorrhage of GI tract

Pathology & Diseases (6 decks)

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