Toxicology Flashcards
What is the dilution dose for corrosive ingestion?
1-3 ml/lb milk or water
When is induced emesis contraindicated?
In horses, ruminants, rodents, rabbits, and birds
Depressed or comatose patients
Hyperactive patients
or patients that have already vomitted
Also if they have ingested any hydrocarbons
What is the dose hydrogen peroxide may be given to induce vomitting?
1 teaspoon per 5 lbs
What are some examples of emetic agents?
Hydrogen peroxide
Syrup of Ipecac
Apomorphine hydrochloride (injectable only)
How does activated charcoal work?
Absorb chemicals/toxins
What indicates the use of activated charcoal?
Organic poisons
Chemicals
Bacterial toxins
What contraindicates activated charcoal?
Ingestion of:
P- Pesticides
H- Hydrocarbons
A- Acids
I- Iron
L-Lithium
S-Solvents
What are cathartics?
Increase the clearing of intestinal content
Enhance the elimination of activated charcoal absorbed toxicant
When are cathartics contraindicated?
In patients that with diarrhea or dehydration
What are some common sources of household acids?
Toilet bowl cleaners, drain openers, metal cleaners, antirust compounds, gun cleaners, battery fluids, sanitizers
What are some sources of household alkalines?
Drain openers, oven cleaner, bleaches, denture cleaners, cement
What pH can cause esophogeal ulcers?
pH 12.5
What pH can cause esophogeal perforation?
pH >14
What are some signs of essential oil ingestion?
GI and mucous membrane irritation, CNS depression, skin irritation
What are some severe signs of cationic detergent ingestion?
Redness of skin, tissue swelling, intense pain, ulceration
Tissue necrosis and inflammation of the mouth, stomach and esophagus
What are the first signs of nicotine ingestion? (Usually can be seen within 15 - 45 mins)
Excitation, tachypnea, salivation, emesis, and diarrhea
After the initial signs of nicotine ingestion what symptoms can be seen?
Muscle weakness, twitching, depression, shallow respiration, collapse, coma and cardiac arrest
Napthalene, an active ingredient in mothballs can cause what?
Heinz bodies and hemolysis
Paradichlorobenzene, an active ingredient in mothballs affect what?
Affect liver and CNS
Tremorgenic mycotoxins are found on what?
Moldy food
What plant species can cause cardiovascular dysfunction?
Rhododendrons/Azaleas
When are clinical signs of Rhododendron sp. ingestion seen?
4-12 hours after ingestion
Cardiac glycoside containing plants:
Lilly-of-the-valley, Foxglove, oleander
Ingestion of one or more seeds has resulted in liver failure and death in dogs
Cycad/Sago Palms
Toxin found in Cycad/Sago Palms
Cycasin Toxin
What is the toxic portion of Castor beans?
Ricin
Calcium Oxalate containing plants
Calla lily, elephant ear, dumb cane, pathos, mother-in-law’s tongue
Highly toxic insecticide found in fly bait
Methomyl
Most obvious sign of fly bait ingestion
Seizures
Toxin found in slug and snail bait
Metaldehyde
Toxin found in gopher or mole bait
Zinc phosphide
Systemic insecticides contain Disulfoton or Disyston, or _________ which are highly toxic
Organophosphate
3 main types of mouse/rat bait
Anticoagulant, Bromethalin, Cholecalciferol
What is the treatment of Bromethalin or Cholecalciferol ingestion?
Aggressive decontamination - Repeated doses of activated charcoal
Formaldehyde can cause _____ ______ if significant quantities are ingested
Metabolic acidosis
3X less toxic than ethylene glycol
Propylene glycol
Most dangerous form of antifreeze
Ethylene glycol
Minimal lethal dose of ethylene glycol in dogs and cats
Dogs - 4.4-6.6 ml/kg
Cats- 1.4 ml/kg
Ethylene glycol ingestion causes what?
Metabolic acidosis
Renal failure
When is the peak level of ethylene glycol ingestion seen?
1-4 hours
False positive results of ethylene glycol ingestion occur from what?
Activated charcoal and injectable meds
Preferred treatment of ethylene glycol for dogs?
Fomepizole
