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Block 5 > Toxicology > Flashcards

Toxicology Flashcards

1
Q

Likelihood that injury will occur in any given situation

A

Hazard

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2
Q

What does lead displace in a number of important proteins?

A

Calcium and zinc

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3
Q

What is important in heme synthesis, but overdose can cause severe, life-threatening effects?

A

Iron

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4
Q

What is FDA-approved as a single-agent treatment of acute poisoning by arsenic and inorganic mercury and for the treatment of a severe lead poisoning when used in conjunction with edetate calcium disodium?

A

Dimercaprol

Succimer is a water-soluble analog of dimercaprol

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5
Q

The dose which causes death in 50% of exposed animals

A

LD50

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6
Q

Inhalation of high levels of ______ vapor over a short duration is acutely toxic to the ______, however, toxicity to the _______ system is the primary concern with chronic exposure to ______ vapor and to organic ________.

A 
Mercury vapor
Toxic to the lung 
Primary concern is the nervous system
Mercury vapor
Organic mercury
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7
Q

What binds iron avidly, but binds essential trace metals poorly?

A

Deferoxamine - this is the parenteral chelator of choice for iron poisoning because it does not compete for biologically chelated iron, as in microsomal like and mitochondrial cytochromes and hemoproteins

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8
Q

Range of doses that might be toxic

A

Spectrum of toxic dose

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9
Q

What is an efficient chelator of many divalent and trivalent metals in vitro?

To prevent the potentially life-threatening depletion of calcium, the drug should be administered only as the _________.

A

Ethylenediminetetraacetic acid

Calcium disodium salt

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10
Q

The dose that causes death in 50% divided by the dose that causes response in 50%

A

Therapeutic index- the bigger the TI the safer the drug or substance is said to be

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11
Q

The dose which causes a response in 50% of exposed animals

A

ED50

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12
Q

What do you use Penicillamine for?

A

Lead, mercury, and copper poisoning

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13
Q

What do you use Leucovorin calcium for?

A

Methotrexate poisoning

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14
Q

Organic mercury can cause ______ effects, inorganic mercury can cause __________ and __________ problems.

A

Neurological effects

Gastrointestinal and renal problems

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15
Q

What do you use acetylcystine for?

A

Acetaminophen poisoning

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16
Q

Expected frequency of occurrence of an undesirable effect

A

Risk

17
Q

What can penetrate biological barriers, including the BBB, can cause significant biologic damage, and has widespread use in many human activities?

A

Methylmercury

18
Q

What distributes evenly in tissues, but does accumulate in kidneys?

A

Mercury

19
Q

What is used chiefly for treatment of poisoning with copper or to prevent copper accumulation as in Wilson’s disease (hepatolenticular degeneration)?

A

Penicillamine

20
Q

What is well distributed with the ability to cross BBB and placental barrier?

A

Arsenic

significant problems can be associated with CNS, liver, kidney, and pancreas for arsenic, lead, and mercury

21
Q

Pediatric patients will show CNS problems with what level at about 5 micrograms/dL?

A

lead

22
Q

Toxic vs. safe, risk vs. benefit

Both are important

A

Risk assessment

23
Q

Effects are reversible

A. Pharmacological
B. Pathological
C. Genotoxic

A

A- pharmacological (phototoxicity)

Pathological- causes tissue changes (hepatic necrosis because of overdose)

Genotoxic- causes long term effects in genetic components and may be transferred across generations (alkylation of DNA, radiation)

24
Q

What reaction is saturable?

What reaction is not saturable?

Which reaction can you calculate a half life?

A

Zero order is saturable and you cannot calculate a half life

First order are not saturable

25
Q

Condition of being secure from threat of danger harm or injury

A

Safety

26
Q

What binds to HHb, then to soft tissue, but over time 95% resides in bone?

A

Lead

27
Q

Ability of an agent to cause injury

E.g. HCl- innate ability to cause an injury if it gets in the eye

A

Toxicity

28
Q

Although _____ is a nonspecific toxicant, the most sensitive systems are _____, ______, _______, and ________.

A

Lead

Nervous, hematological, cardiovascular, renal systems

29
Q

What are the major toxic targets of mercury?

A

CNS and kidneys

Block 5 (12 decks)

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