Toxicology Flashcards
Acute toxicity
ability of substance to cause severe biological harm/death soon after single exposure
Chronic toxicity
adverse effects as a result of repeated chemical dosing on a daily basis or exposure to chemical for majority of lifespan
LD50
dose at which 50% of animals tested die
Legally poisonous
LD50
TI
Therapeutic Index
LD50/ED50
larger number = safer drug
Emesis inducing agents
Apomorphine
Syrup of Ipecac
Contraindications of emetic treatment
Petroleum hydrocarbon - chemical pneumonitis
Caustic acid/alkali - rupture
Use of activated charchoal
very large SA for binding of organic toxicants preventing absorption
Cathartics
promote rapid movement/elimination of poison through GI tract
Antidote of Organophosphate poisoning
Pralidoxime
Atropine
Symptoms of organophosphate poisoning
paralysis of diaphragm
Cyanide mechanism
deactivates cytochrome c
cell can no longer produce ATP
affects CNS/cardiac tissue
LD50 = 2mg/kg (1-15 min)
Antidote of cyanide poisoning
amyl nitrate (inhaled)
sodium nitrate (IV)
sodium thiosulfate with O2 (IV)
whole blood
Symptoms of botulinum poisoning
Paralysis
respiratory depression
Treatment of botulinum poisoning
ABCs, lavage, emesis, charcoal, antitoxin
Botulinum antitoxin
antibodies against botulinum toxin
single dose - 10ml
Heavy metal treatment
BAL
DMSA - primary
DMSA as treatment
Indication - arsenic, mercury, lead
Adverse rxn - chills, fever, diarrhea
Adults - 10 x 8hrs for 5 days
Kids - 10 x 8 hrs for 5 days plus 10 x 12 hrs for 14 days
Alcohol poisoning
normal ethanol metabolic enzymes convert other alocohols into poisonous byproducts
Treatment of alcohol poisoning
Competitively bind enzyme with more alcohol
Fomepizole - blocks alcohol dehydrogenase
CO poisoning
210x greater affinity for Hb than O2
40-60% may have a cherry red appearance
CO treatment
artificial respiration with pure O2
Hyperbaric chamber if sypmtomatic
Warfarin poisoning treatment
Vitamin K
Opioid poisoning treatment
Competitive blockers
Naloxone - fast action; short duration
Naltrexone - slower but longer duration
Methemoglobinemia
heme iron is in ferric state - cannot transport oxygen
Methemoglobinemia treatment
methylene blue
chemical reducer
Sympathomimetic toxidrome
CNS - agitation, hallucination, paranoia Respiratory - none Pupils - dilated Other - HTN, hyperthermia Drugs - cocaine, amphetamine, PCP
Sedative toxidrome
CNS - stupor, coma Respiratory - decreased/failure Pupils - constricted/dilated Other - hypotension, hypothermia Drugs - alcohol, barbiturates, benzodiazepines
Opioid toxidrome
CNS - coma Respiratory - decreased/failure Pupils - miosis Other - opiate triad ^ Drugs - opiates, morphine, codeine, oxy
Anticholinergic toxidrome
CNS - agitation
Respiratory - none
Pupils - mydriasis
Other - fever, dry skin, urinary retention
Drugs - anticholinergics, antidepressants
Cholinergic toxidrome
CNS - coma Respriatory - none Pupils - miosis Other - fasciculation, incontinence, bradycardia Drugs - organophosphates
Tricyclic antidepressant toxidrome
CNS - coma, agitation Respiration - none Pupils - dilatd Other - dysarrhythmias, convulsions Drugs - TCAs
Salicylate toxidrome
CNS - variable Respriation - maybe increase Pupils - none Other - diaphoresis, tinnitis, agitation, acidosis Drugs - aspirin
