Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PCBM M1T2 > Toxicology > Flashcards

Toxicology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the basic definition of toxicology?

A

The study of adverse effects of chemicals or physical agents on living organism
The science of poisons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Toxicology looks at the way…

A

Chemical interact with living beings and what changes they may cause or bring about

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Changes due to toxic conditions may range from;

A

Immediate and life threatening

Subtle changes that may not be recognized for month, years, or never

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are some bodily levels toxic effects can occur in?

A

Biochemical, cellular and the whole organism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is a xenobiotic?

A

Any foreign substance in the body

Can produce toxic or beneficial results

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What makes something poisonous?

A

The dose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is a toxicant?

A

substance that produced biological effects

May be beneficial or adverse, chemical or physical, acute or chronic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is a toxin?

A

Specific proteins produced by living organisms

Most can cause immediate effects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are poisons?

A

Toxicants that cause immediate death or illness when given in very small doses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is a toxic agent?

A

Anything that can produce an adverse biological effects, but does not include agents produced by biological agents

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is a specific organ toxin?

A

Agents which act on specific organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is a systemic toxin?

A

Affects entire body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is an organic toxin?

A

Chemical derived from living organisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are inorganic toxins?

A

Chemical not derived from living organisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the definition of a dose?

A

The amount of substance administered at one time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is an administered dose?

A

Quantity administered

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is an absorbed does?

A

Amount that actual enters the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the total dose?

A

Sum of all administered doses

19
Q

What does fractionating a dose do?

A

Decreases the probability of toxicity

20
Q

What is the environmental unit?

A

The amount of a xenobiotic in a unit of the media

21
Q

What is dose-response?

A

How much of a does is needed to an effect to take place

22
Q

What is the threshold effect?

A

Establish the lowest dose where an effect occurs

23
Q

Describe the dose response for individual and for a population;

A

Wide variance for individual

Narrow range of response in population

24
Q

What is the top threshold for dose-response?

A

The level of toxicant at which the body can no longer detoxify itself

25
Q

How can damage occur in a toxic event?

A 
Cell replacement (fibrosis)
Damage to enzme system
Disruption of protein synth
Production of reactive cell chemical
DNA damage
26
Q

How can xenobiotics have an indirect effect on toxicity?

A

Modification of essential biochemical functions
Interference with nutrition
Alteration of physiological function

27
Q

What factors influence toxicity?

A 
Chemical activity
Dosage
Route of exposure
Species    Excretion
Age   Metabolism 
Sex    Body distribution
Absorption abnormalities
Presence of other chemicals
Form of substance 
Innate chemical activity of the substance
28
Q

What is one of the largest factors in toxicity?

A

Metabolism

  • Detoxification: less toxic
  • Bioactivation: more toxin
29
Q

If a toxin is lipid soluble what does its distribution look like?

A

Wide

30
Q

What are major avenues or toxin spread?

A

Blood and lymph

31
Q

What is the significance of the exposure route of a toxin?

A

Some substances are more toxin by one route than another

32
Q

What is the general rule for toxin route exposure?

A

Ingested chemicals go to liver and get detoxified

Inhaled chemicals go straight to the blood stream and distribute before getting to the liver

33
Q

Site and range of excretion for toxin follow this pattern in general;

A

Kidney > GI tract > lungs

34
Q

What does it mean when a chemical interaction is additive (additivity)?

A

A combination of two or more chemical is the sum of the expected individual response (most common)

35
Q

What does it mean when a chemical interaction has antagonism?

A

Physiological: effect of one drug can be lessened or reversed by another
Chemical: the effect of one can be reduced by another (binding)
Disposition: one is absorbed by another (charcoal)
Receptor: one displaces another from receptor site

36
Q

When is a chemical interaction has potentiation what does that mean?

A

One chemical without a specific effect makes another toxic

carbon tetrachloride + alcohol

37
Q

What does it mean when a chemical interaction is synergistic?

A

One chemical may drastically inc the effect of another

cigarette smoke and radon

38
Q

Why are federal agencies involved in toxicity testing?

A

Because there have been really horrible past disasters (especially with birth defects)

39
Q

What are the federal agencies that are involved in toxicity testing?

A

FDA, EPA, CPSC and OSHA

40
Q

What are the four steps of risk assessment of toxins?

A
  1. Hazard identification (characterization of toxic effects)
  2. Dose-response assessment (relationship of doses to adverse effects)
  3. Exposure assessment (estimate intensity, duration and frequency of exposure)
  4. Risk characterization (estimate of effect under various condition of exposure)
41
Q

What are the three methods to toxicity testing?

A
  • Study and observe during normal or accidental exposures
  • Experimental animal studies
  • Cellular studies
42
Q

What are some common adverse drug reactions (ADR)?

A

Overdose of BP meds
ASA (anti-inflam)
Antihistamine

43
Q

What are some cause effects of some med?

A

Fetal abnormalities
Stroke and MI
Insomina
Spontaneous achilles tendon rupture

44
Q

What is an idosyncratic reaction?

A

Unpredictable, unexpected and scary reaction

PCBM M1T2 (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions