Clinical Preventative Medicine Flashcards
What are the basic concepts of preventive medicine?
Prevent or detect illness and injury
Diminish the need for curative treatment or symptom control
What is prevalence?
# of cases at a given time / # of persons in the population (% per 100,000) Measurement of all individuals affected by the disease within a particular period of time
What is incidence?
# of new cases in a given time / # of persons in the population (% 100,000 in one year) Measurement of all the new individuals who contract a disease during a particular time period
What is sensitivity?
The ability of a procedure or test to detect a condition or disease, if present, as expressed as a percentage positive
If 100 people with the disease tested and 85 of them were positive the sensitivity is __%
85
What is specificity?
Percent of positives that are true positives
OR
Percent of negatives that are true negatives
If a test yield 100 positives and only 80 are true positives the specificity is __%
80
And inc in sensitivity results in…
a decrease in specificity
What are screening tests for?
Detect a disease or condition in individuals without signs or symptoms of that disease which allows identification of that condition as early as possible
In a screening test, all test must have…
Defined objectives
Proper evaluation
Control groups
What is primary prevention?
Aim to decrease the # of new cases of disease or condition
ex. early cardiovascular, hypertensive disease detection
What is secondary prevention?
To diagnose and treat an existing disease in early stages to prevent death and lower rate of cases in population
What is tertiary prevention?
To decrease the degree of disability due to an existing disorder to restore function and reduce complications
What is an example of multiple level prevention?
Secondary prevention DM may include primary prevention of CHD
What is prophylaxis?
Any measure taken to prevent health problems referring to a specific treatment or therapy to prevent a condition
Do preventive intervention require more consideration than treatment?
Yes
What is a successful intervention?
Affordable and cost effective
Because preventative solutions can be less profitable…
Less attractive to industry
Which is the most preventable cause of death?
Smoking
What is the most preventable death in children?
Diarrheal disease
What is the leading intervention to reduce death in children?
Breast feeding
What are some benefits to workplace wellness programs?
Less sick leave
Less turnover
Inc production
What are the targets of workplace wellness programs?
Smoking restrictions and employer paid cessation programs
Screenings
What must be considered in exercise testing?
Sensitivity, specificity, and predictive value
What is spirometry?
Common office test used to assess how well your lungs work by measuring how much air you inhale, how much you exhale and how quickly you exhale
Motivation for smoking cessation
What other screening tests should be done for workplace?
Depression
Alcoholism
Dementia
Hearing loss
What are some community based activities?
Health fairs
Screening for diabetes, blood pressure, immunization, hearing/vision
Lab tests
Little overall cost
What are the three specialty areas for careers in preventive medicine?
General Preventive Medicine & Public Health
Occupational and Environmental Medicine
Aerospace Medicine
What are the two sub-specialties of preventive medicine careers?
Medical Toxicology
Undersea Medicine
What is the training for preventive medicine careers and what do they include?
Training: Clinical internship/transition year, 2 years further training including a Master of Public Health (MPH) All programs include: -Biostatistics -Epidemiology -Management/Administration Clinical experience in chosen area
If a test yield 100 negatives and only 80 are actually do not have the disease the specificity is __%
80
