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Vet - notes > Toxicology > Flashcards

Toxicology Flashcards

1
Q

paracetamol

A

v.dangerous to cats - lackmetaboliccapacitytodetoxify paracetamol
Toxicityoccursviasaturationofmetabolic pathways
Toxicmetaboliteconjugatedby glutathione
Glutathionepromptlydepleted

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2
Q

paracetamol toxicity - clinical signs - early <4h

A

Progressivecyanosis
Brown/Bluemucousmembranes
Weakness&lethargy

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3
Q

paracetamol toxicity - clinical signs - 4-24h

A

Facial&PawOedema
Vomiting
Depression
Darkbrownblood‐ Methaemoglobinemia

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4
Q

paracetamol toxicity - clinical signs - the days after

A

SevereMethaemoglobinemia

Hepaticnecrosis

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5
Q

paracetamol‐ Methaemoglobinaemia

A

blue or brown mucousmembranes
arterial blood is chocolatebrown in colour and remains
dark on aeration
Cyanosis fails to respond to oxygen therapy

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6
Q

paracetamol‐ treatment

A 
Emesis(vomiting)
Dogs:Apomorphine
Cats:Xylazine
ActivatedCharcoal
Antidote:Acetylcysteine (Parvolex ®)
Precursorofglutathione
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7
Q

paracetamol - monitoring

A 
1 week
liver function
blood clotting
renal function 
total blood count
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8
Q

NSAIDs - clincal signs - early

A

Gastrointestinalerosion,ulcerationandpossibly
perforation.
Vomitinganddiarrhoea(bothmaybebloody).
RarelyCNSsymptoms(ataxia,lethargy,drowsiness)

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9
Q

NSAIDs - clincal signs - late

A

Renalfailure

Hepaticimpairment

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10
Q

NSAIDs - treatment

A 
emesis 
activated charcoal
gastric ulcer prevention - H2receptorantagonists, Protonpumpinhibitors, Ulcerhealing/coatingagent
Prostaglandinsupplementation 
Maintenanceofrenalfunction
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11
Q

theobromine (chocolate) - clinical signs

A

Vomiting,diarrhoea,polydipsia,salivation‐ dehydration
CNS/Myocardialstimulation- tremor, convulsions, tachycardia, hypertension‐ arrhythmia
Renalfailure
Fatalcases– severeconvulsions/circulatoryfailure

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12
Q

theobromine (chocolate) - treatment

A 
Emesis‐ Apomorphine
Repeatdoseactivatedcharcoal
Adequaterehydration
Surgeryobservation
monitor vital signs
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13
Q

Tremorgenic Mycotoxins

A

Mycotoxins arefungalmetabolitesproducedbymould typefungus
found in mould food products/rubbish

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14
Q

Tremorgenic Mycotoxins - clinical signs

A

Vomiting,ataxia,whole‐bodymuscletremors,rigiditywith hyperextensionofextremities,hyperactivity,hyperaesthesia,tachycardia,panting,tachypnoea,nystagmus andblepharospasm.

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15
Q

Tremorgenic Mycotoxins - severe cases

A

severetremorsandopisthotonus,convulsionsandcomawith
paddling.Rarelyaspiration
Incrmuscularactivity‐ hyperpyrexia,exhaustion,rhabdomyolysis,
dehydrationandhypoglycaemia.
raisedLDH,CKandliverenzymes.

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16
Q

Tremorgenic Mycotoxins - treatment

A

decontamination - emesis + gastric lavage
anticonvulsants
Supportivecare– rehydration, coolingmeasures, ventilation, antiemetics

17
Q

allium spp.

A

leeks,onions,shallots,springonions,garlic&chive

forms heinz bodies in RBC - these are removed from circulation - anaemia

18
Q

allium spp. - clinical effects

A

GIT - vomiting,inappetance
Heinzbodyanaemia - lethargy,paleMM,tachycardia&tachypnoea
Haematuriaandhaemoglobinurea
Methaemoglobinaemia
severecases,icterusduetohaemosiderin(highironstores)intheliver

19
Q

allium spp. - treatment

A 
Emesis
AC
Monitorhaematologicalparameters
IVfluids
Anti‐emeticsifneeded
20
Q

Anticoagulant Rodenticides - clinical effects

A

clinical signs rare
Maineffectishaemorrhage
Maypresentwithsignsofdyspnoea,lethargy,weakness/anorexia
Bruising,bleedingfromgums,nose,GItractandwounds

21
Q

Molluscicides – Metaldehyde ‐ ClinicalEffects

A

Hypersalivation,vomiting,diarrhoea,ataxia,panting,tremors,
convulsions,hyperthermia
Tachypnoea,dyspnoea,hyperventilationandrespiratory
depression
Tachycardiaorbradycardia
fatalities due to resp failure

22
Q

European adder - clinical effects

A

Hypovolaemia andlocaloedema
Localhaemorrhage (rare)
Cardiaceffects
Renalimpairment

23
Q

European adder - systemic effects

A

Shock,collapseandhypotensioncanoccurrapidly.
Pain,panting,hypersalivation,mentalstatuschanges,hyperthermia,bruising,palemucousmembranes,tachypnoea andlameness
Coagulopathy – Anaemia,thrombocytopenia,leucocytosis,disseminatedintravascularcoagulation(DIC)andhaematuria.
Renaleffects
Hepaticeffects– mild/moderate
Cardiaceffects‐ duetomyocardialdamageoccurwithorwithoutECGabnormalities

24
Q

European adder - treatment

A 
antivenom
BP,Pulse,respiration,temperature
ECG(arrival,12hrs&24hrs)
BT‐ Checkforcoagulopathy
Renal&hepaticparameters
can also give - analgesia, antibiotics, antihistamines
25
Q

Cycadsspp

A

small ferns looking plants

1-2 seeds can cause toxicity/death in dogs

26
Q

cycads spp - clinical effects

A

Vomiting, haematemesis, diarrhoea, dehydration, abdominal discomfort
Hepatocellular necrosis with raised liver enzymes, hypoproteinaemia, jaundice and secondary cholestasis.
In severe cases coagulopathy, thrombocytopenia and ascites.

27
Q

cycads spp - treatment

A 
Emesis + RDAC
Rehydration + Anti-emetics if required
Gastroprotectants
monitor haematology
Vitamin K1 - hyprothrombinaemia.
28
Q

xylitol

A

natural sugar
causes potent insulin release in dogs
liver damage

29
Q

xylitol - treatment

A

gastric decontamination
monitor bloog glucosse levels - often become hypoglycaemic
dextrose for sugar levels + hepatotoxicity

Vet - notes (32 decks)

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