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ENSC 85 - ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH > TOXICOLOGY > Flashcards

TOXICOLOGY Flashcards

1
Q

study of how natural or man-made toxicants cause adverse effects in
living organisms.

A

toxicology

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2
Q

those that are
damaging to either the survival or normal function of the individual

A

harmul or adverse effect

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3
Q

describes the degree to which a substance is
poisonous or can cause injury

A

toxicity

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4
Q

depends on a variety of factors: dose, duration and route of exposure, shape and structure of the chemical
itself, and individual human factors.

A

toxicity

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5
Q

This term relates to poisonous or deadly effects on the body by
inhalation (breathing), ingestion (eating), or absorption, or by direct contact with a
chemical

A

toxic

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6
Q

any chemical that can injure or kill humans, animals,
or plants; a poison.

A

toxicant

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7
Q

used when talking about toxic substances
that are produced by or are a by-product of human-made activities.

A

toxicant

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8
Q

usually is used when talking about toxic substances
produced naturally

A

toxin

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9
Q

any poisonous substance of microbial (bacteria or other
tiny plants or animals), vegetable, or synthetic chemical origin that reacts with specific
cellular components to kill cells, alter growth or development, or kill the organism

A

toxin

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10
Q

This term includes any feeling or sign indicating the
presence of a poison in the system.

A

toxic symptom

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11
Q

This term refers to the health effects that occur due to
exposure to a toxic substance; also known as a poisonous effect on the body.

A

toxic effects

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12
Q

means that a chemical will produce
injury to one kind of living matter without harming another form of life, even though the
two may exist close together.

A

selective toxicity

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13
Q

a substance must come
into contact with a body surface such as skin, eye or mucosa of the digestive or
respiratory tract.

A

how toxicity develop

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14
Q

s important when discussing how “toxic” a substance can be.

A

The dose of the chemical, or the amount one comes into contact with

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15
Q

actual amount of a chemical that enters the body.

A

dose

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16
Q

received may be due to either acute (short) or chronic (long-term) exposure

A

dose

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17
Q

occurs over a very short period of time, usually 24 hours

A

acute exposure

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18
Q

occur over long periods of time such as weeks, months, or years.

A

chronic exposure

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19
Q

it will determine the toxic effect

A

amount of exposure and the type of toxin

20
Q

relationship between exposure and
health effect, that can be established by measuring the response relative to an
increasing dose

A

dose-response

21
Q

relies on the concept that a dose, or a time of exposure (to a
chemical, drug, or toxic substance), will cause an effect (response) on the exposed
organism.

A

dose response

22
Q

Given the idea of a dose-response, there should be a
dose or exposure level below which the harmful or adverse effects of a substance are
not seen in a population.

A

threshold dose

23
Q

This dose is
also referred to as the no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL), or the no effect level
(NEL).

A

threshold dose

24
Q

These terms are often used by toxicologists when discussing the relationship
between exposure and dose.

A

threshold dose

25
Q

substance causing cancer

A

carcinogens

26
Q

This term describes the differences in types of responses to hazardous substances, between people

A

individual susceptibility

27
Q

Each person is unique,
and because of that, there may be great differences in the response to exposure.

A

individual susceptibility

28
Q

describes those persons who are more at risk from illness due to exposure to hazardous substances
than the average, healthy person

A

sensitive sub-population

29
Q

These persons usually include the very young, the chronically ill, and the very old. It may also include pregnant women and women of
childbearing age

A

sensitive sub-population

30
Q

used in laboratory experiments on animals to establish dose-response relationships

A

toxicology

31
Q

deals with the way chemicals and waste products affect the health of an individual

A

toxicology

32
Q

concerned with the study of chemicals that contaminate
food, water, soil, or the atmosphere

A

environmental toxciology

33
Q

deals with toxic substances that enter bodies of waters such as lakes, streams, rivers, and oceans

A

environmental toxicology

34
Q

This sub-discipline addresses the question of how various plants, animals, and humans are affected by exposure to toxic substances

A

environmental toxicology

35
Q

concerned with health effects from exposure to chemicals in the workplace

A

Occupational (Industrial) Toxicology

36
Q

This field grew out of a need to protect workers from toxic substances and to make their work environment safe.

A

Occupational (Industrial) Toxicology

37
Q

gathers and evaluates existing toxicological information to establish concentration-based standards of “safe” exposure

A

Regulatory Toxicology

38
Q

The standard is the level of
a chemical that a person can be exposed to without any harmful health effects.

A

Regulatory Toxicology

39
Q

involved in delivering a safe and edible supply of food to the
consumer

A

Food Toxicology

40
Q

concerned with diseases and illnesses associated with short
term or long term exposure to toxic chemicals

A

clinical toxicology

41
Q

include emergency
room physicians who must be familiar with the symptoms associated with exposure to a
wide variety of toxic substances in order to administer the appropriate treatment

A

clinical toxicologists

42
Q

concerned with gathering toxicological information from
animal experimentation

A

Descriptive Toxicology

43
Q

used to help establish cause and effect relationships between
exposure to a drug or chemical and the toxic or lethal effects that result from that
exposure.

A

forensic toxicology

44
Q

identifies the toxicant through analysis of body fluids, stomach
content, excrement, or skin.

A

analytical toxicology

45
Q

makes observations on how toxic substances cause their
effects.

A

mechanistic toxicology

ENSC 85 - ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH (5 decks)

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