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ENSC 85 - ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH > INTRO TO TOXICOLOGY > Flashcards

INTRO TO TOXICOLOGY Flashcards

1
Q

study of how toxicants cause adverse effects on living organisms.

A

toxicology

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2
Q

science dealing with property, action toxicity, fatal dose, detection, estimation of poisions, interpretation of the result of toxocological analysis

A

toxicology

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3
Q

chemical capable of producing a harmful reaction in a living organism.

A

toxicant (poison)

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4
Q

Any change that interferes with an organism’s normal functioning.

A

adverse effect

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5
Q

damage or kill living organisms because they react with cellular components to disrupt metabolic functions

A

toxins

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6
Q

was a scientist and physician who was born in Switzerland in 1493

A

Paracelsus

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7
Q

pioneered the use of chemicals and minerals in medicine. He is sometimes called the “father” of toxicology.

A

paracelsus

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8
Q

Prenatal alcohol abuse

A

fetal alcohol syndrom

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9
Q

mercury in fish

A

brain damage

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10
Q

lead in paint

A

brain damage

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11
Q

doixon posioning

A

facial scarring (chloracne)

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12
Q

small amount of botulinum toxin

A

prevents wrinkle (botox)

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13
Q

large amount of botulinum toxin

A

paralysis or death

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14
Q

amount, usually per unit body mass, of a toxicant to which an organism is exposed

A

dose

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15
Q

measured as milligrams of toxin per kilogram of body weight = mg/kg

A

dose

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16
Q

effect on an organism resulting from exposure to a toxicant

A

response

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17
Q

dose which is expected to kill 50% of the population in the particular group.

A

median lethal dose (LD50)

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18
Q

the dose that produces a desired response in 50% of the test population when pharmacological effects are plotted against dosage.

A

median effective dose (ED50)

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19
Q

important concept pertinent to the dose–response relationship is that of _______ dose, below which there is no response

A

threshold

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20
Q

Once a living organism has been exposed to a toxin, the compound must get into the body and to its target site in an active form in order to cause an ______

A

adverse effect

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21
Q

passive and facilitated diffusion, active transport

A

membrane barriers

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22
Q

defenses of body

A

membrane barriers, biotransformation enzymes, elimination mechanism

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23
Q

ADME

A

absorption, distribution, metabolisim, excretion

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24
Q

ability of a chemical to enter the blood (blood is in equilibrium with tissues)

A

absorption

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25
Q

readily absorb gases into the blood stream via the alveoli. (Large alveolar surface, high blood flow, and proximity of blood to alveolar air)

A

inhalation

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26
Q

absorption through GI tract stomach (acids), small intestine (long contact time, large surface area–villi; bases and transporters for others)

A

ingestion

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27
Q

absorption through epidermis (stratum corneum), then dermis; site and condition of skin

A

dermal

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28
Q

the process in which a chemical agent translocates throughout the body

A

distribution

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29
Q

Blood carries the agent to and from its site of action, storage depots, organs of transformation, and organs of elimination

A

distribution

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30
Q

Rate of distribution (rapid) dependent upon ____

A

blood flow, characteristics of toxicant (affinity for the tissue, and the partition coefficient)

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31
Q

Very lipophylic compounds (DDT) will store in fat. Rapid mobilization of the fat (starvation) can rapidly increase blood concentration

A

Storage in Adipose tissue

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32
Q

Chemicals analogous to Calcium–Fluoride, Lead, Strontium

A

storage in bone

33
Q

can displace endogenous compounds.

A

binding to plasma proteins

34
Q

adverse effect is dependent upon the concentration of active compound at the target site for enough time

A

target organs

35
Q

high blood flow, oxidative reactions

36
Q

high blood flow, concentrates chemicals

37
Q

high blood flow, site of exposure

38
Q

oxygen dependent, irreversible damage

39
Q

oxygen dependent

A

myocardium

40
Q

rapid divide

A

Bone marrow, intestinal mucosa-

41
Q

Adverse effects can occur at the level of the ____, ______,______, or ____

A

molecule, cell, organ, or organism

42
Q

Molecularly, chemical can interact with
_____, ____, ____

A

Proteins Lipids DNA

43
Q

interfere with receptor-ligand binding

44
Q

interfere with membrane function

45
Q

interfere with cellular energy production

46
Q

bind to biomolecules

47
Q

chemical can bind to perturb ______

A

perturb homeostasis (Ca)

48
Q

Toxins are eliminated from the body by several routes

49
Q

water soluble products are filtered out of the blood by the kidney and excreted into the urine

A

urinary excretion

50
Q

Volatile compounds are exhaled by breathing

A

exhalation

51
Q

Compounds can be extracted by the liver and excreted into the bile. The bile drains into the small intestine and is eliminated in the feces

A

Biliary Excretion via Fecal Excretion

52
Q

other form of excretion

A

milk, sweat, saliva

53
Q

adverse effect depends on the concentration of active compound at the target site over time

A

metabolism

54
Q

The process by which the administered chemical (parent compounds) are modified by the organism by enzymatic reactions.

A

metabolism

55
Q

Biotransformation can result in the formation of reactive metabolites

A

bioactivation

56
Q

Can drastically affect the rate of clearance of compounds

A

biotransformation

57
Q

Can occur at any point during the compound’s journey from absorption to excretion

A

biotransformation

58
Q

key organs in biotransformation

A

liver (high)
kidney, lung, intestine (medium)
others (low)

59
Q

Biotransformation Pathways

A

phase 1 and phase 2

60
Q

make the toxicant more water soluble

61
Q

Links with a soluble endogenous agent (conjugation)

62
Q

toxicology is the study of how ____ affects living organism

63
Q

also known as poison

64
Q

chemical capable of producing harmful reaction to living organism

65
Q

the ___ makes the poison

66
Q

example ofchemical that is good in small amount bu toxic in large amount

A

botulinum toxin

67
Q

derived from the bacterum, Clostridium botulinum

A

botulinim toxin

68
Q

acts to block muscular nerve signals

A

botulinim toxin

69
Q

first biological toxin to become licensed for treatment of human disease

A

botulinum toxin

70
Q

considered as biological weapon

A

botulinum toxin

71
Q

may change overtime

A

distribution

72
Q

has the highest supply of biotransformation enzymes of all organs in the body

73
Q

can occur at any point during the compound’s journey from absorption to excretion

A

biotransformation

74
Q

occurs when a substance is changed from one for to another which may also change the toxic properties of substance. Usually occurs primarily on liver

A

biotransformation

75
Q

as dose increases, percent of individuals who respond increases

A

dose-response relationship

76
Q

known as LD50

A

median lethal dose

77
Q

known as ED50

A

median effective dose

78
Q

particular response needed to specify in order to define dose-response relationship

A

death of organism, length of time from administration of dose, consider a specific reaction from population of the same kinds of organism

ENSC 85 - ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH (5 decks)

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