INTRO TO TOXICOLOGY Flashcards by hulyannaa :p

study of how toxicants cause adverse effects on living organisms.

toxicology

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science dealing with property, action toxicity, fatal dose, detection, estimation of poisions, interpretation of the result of toxocological analysis

toxicology

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chemical capable of producing a harmful reaction in a living organism.

toxicant (poison)

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Any change that interferes with an organism’s normal functioning.

adverse effect

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damage or kill living organisms because they react with cellular components to disrupt metabolic functions

toxins

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was a scientist and physician who was born in Switzerland in 1493

Paracelsus

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pioneered the use of chemicals and minerals in medicine. He is sometimes called the “father” of toxicology.

paracelsus

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Prenatal alcohol abuse

fetal alcohol syndrom

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mercury in fish

brain damage

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lead in paint

brain damage

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doixon posioning

facial scarring (chloracne)

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small amount of botulinum toxin

prevents wrinkle (botox)

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large amount of botulinum toxin

paralysis or death

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amount, usually per unit body mass, of a toxicant to which an organism is exposed

dose

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measured as milligrams of toxin per kilogram of body weight = mg/kg

dose

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effect on an organism resulting from exposure to a toxicant

response

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dose which is expected to kill 50% of the population in the particular group.

median lethal dose (LD50)

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the dose that produces a desired response in 50% of the test population when pharmacological effects are plotted against dosage.

median effective dose (ED50)

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important concept pertinent to the dose–response relationship is that of _______ dose, below which there is no response

threshold

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Once a living organism has been exposed to a toxin, the compound must get into the body and to its target site in an active form in order to cause an ______

adverse effect

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passive and facilitated diffusion, active transport

membrane barriers

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defenses of body

membrane barriers, biotransformation enzymes, elimination mechanism

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ADME

absorption, distribution, metabolisim, excretion

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ability of a chemical to enter the blood (blood is in equilibrium with tissues)

absorption

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readily absorb gases into the blood stream via the alveoli. (Large alveolar surface, high blood flow, and proximity of blood to alveolar air)

inhalation

absorption through GI tract stomach (acids), small intestine (long contact time, large surface area--villi; bases and transporters for others)

ingestion

absorption through epidermis (stratum corneum), then dermis; site and condition of skin

dermal

the process in which a chemical agent translocates throughout the body

distribution

Blood carries the agent to and from its site of action, storage depots, organs of transformation, and organs of elimination

distribution

Rate of distribution (rapid) dependent upon ____

blood flow, characteristics of toxicant (affinity for the tissue, and the partition coefficient)

Very lipophylic compounds (DDT) will store in fat. Rapid mobilization of the fat (starvation) can rapidly increase blood concentration

Storage in Adipose tissue

Chemicals analogous to Calcium--Fluoride, Lead, Strontium

storage in bone

can displace endogenous compounds.

binding to plasma proteins

adverse effect is dependent upon the concentration of active compound at the target site for enough time

target organs

high blood flow, oxidative reactions

liver

high blood flow, concentrates chemicals

kidney

high blood flow, site of exposure

lung

oxygen dependent, irreversible damage

neurons

oxygen dependent

myocardium

rapid divide

Bone marrow, intestinal mucosa-

Adverse effects can occur at the level of the ____, ______,______, or ____

molecule, cell, organ, or organism

Molecularly, chemical can interact with _____, ____, ____

Proteins Lipids DNA

interfere with receptor-ligand binding

chemical

interfere with membrane function

chemical

interfere with cellular energy production

chemical

bind to biomolecules

chemical

chemical can bind to perturb ______

perturb homeostasis (Ca)

Toxins are eliminated from the body by several routes

Excretion

water soluble products are filtered out of the blood by the kidney and excreted into the urine

urinary excretion

Volatile compounds are exhaled by breathing

exhalation

Compounds can be extracted by the liver and excreted into the bile. The bile drains into the small intestine and is eliminated in the feces

Biliary Excretion via Fecal Excretion

other form of excretion

milk, sweat, saliva

adverse effect depends on the concentration of active compound at the target site over time

metabolism

The process by which the administered chemical (parent compounds) are modified by the organism by enzymatic reactions.

metabolism

Biotransformation can result in the formation of reactive metabolites

bioactivation

Can drastically affect the rate of clearance of compounds

biotransformation

Can occur at any point during the compound’s journey from absorption to excretion

biotransformation

key organs in biotransformation

liver (high) kidney, lung, intestine (medium) others (low)

Biotransformation Pathways

phase 1 and phase 2

make the toxicant more water soluble

Phase I

Links with a soluble endogenous agent (conjugation)

Phase II

toxicology is the study of how ____ affects living organism

toxicant

also known as poison

toxicants

chemical capable of producing harmful reaction to living organism

toxicant

the ___ makes the poison

dose

example ofchemical that is good in small amount bu toxic in large amount

botulinum toxin

derived from the bacterum, Clostridium botulinum

botulinim toxin

acts to block muscular nerve signals

botulinim toxin

first biological toxin to become licensed for treatment of human disease

botulinum toxin

considered as biological weapon

botulinum toxin

may change overtime

distribution

has the highest supply of biotransformation enzymes of all organs in the body

liver

can occur at any point during the compound's journey from absorption to excretion

biotransformation

occurs when a substance is changed from one for to another which may also change the toxic properties of substance. Usually occurs primarily on liver

biotransformation

as dose increases, percent of individuals who respond increases

dose-response relationship

known as LD50

median lethal dose

known as ED50

median effective dose

particular response needed to specify in order to define dose-response relationship

death of organism, length of time from administration of dose, consider a specific reaction from population of the same kinds of organism