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ENSC 85 - ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH > ROUTES OF EXPOSURE > Flashcards

ROUTES OF EXPOSURE Flashcards

1
Q

about _________ chemicals are used worldwide

A

70,000

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2
Q

chemical industry introduces _____ to ________ new chemicals each year.

A

200 to 1,000

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3
Q

Trace amounts of toxic chemicals are present in ___

A

food, air, and drinking water

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4
Q

Exposure to toxic substances occurs through the three major routes

A
  1. skin (dermal absorption)
  2. respiratory tract (inhalation)
  3. digestive tract (ingestion)
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5
Q

Contact with the skin is the most common path of toxic substance exposure

A

dermal absorption

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6
Q

outer layer of skin

A

epidermis

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7
Q

The outermost layer is

A

stratum corneum (carnified layer)

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8
Q

structure that determines the rate of absorption of substances through the epidermis

A

stratum corneum (carnified layer)

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9
Q

The inner layer of the skin is sometimes referred to as the ____

A

true skin

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10
Q

in animal hides, this is the layer that turns to leather when chemically processed

A

dermis (inner layer)

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11
Q

source of oxygen and of nutrients for the epidermis.

A

dermis (inner layer)

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12
Q

The hair follicles, sweat glands, and sebaceous (oil) glands are found in this layer

A

dermis (inner layer)

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13
Q

These structures play a limited role in the absorption of substances across the
skin

A

dermis (inner layer)

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14
Q

This layer provides a cushion for the underlying structures and allows the skin to move to some extent.

A

Subcutaneous fatty tissue

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15
Q

factors affecting dermal absorption of toxic substance

A

condition of skin, chemical make up of substance, increasing concentration of toxic substance or exposure time

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16
Q

effective barrier to absorption of some toxic chemicals

A

intact stratum corneum (epidermis)

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17
Q

not easily absorbed through intact, healthy skin (such as cadmium, lead,
mercury, and chromium

A

inorganic chemicals and substance

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18
Q

________dissolved in water do not easily penetrate the skin because the skin is impermeable to water

A

organic chemicals

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19
Q

easily absorbed through the
epidermis

A

organic solvents (paint thinner, gasoline)

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20
Q

easiest and fastest means of exposure to toxic substances because toxic substances are readily absorbed in the respiratory tract.

A

inhalation

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21
Q

the __________ of respiratory tract is NOT effective in preventing absorption of toxic substances into the
body.

A

lining

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22
Q

The respiratory tract consists of the ____

A

nasal passages, trachea (windpipe), larynx (voicebox), and lungs.

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23
Q

usually occurs accidentally or unknowingly

A

ingestion

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24
Q

digestive tract consists of ____

A

mouth, esophagus (food canal), stomach, intestine (large and small).

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25
Q

affect the absorption of toxic substances

A

physical and chemical factors

26
Q

affected because of the structure of the body and the length of time food containing the substance remains in the body

A

absorption

27
Q

common point of contact for toxic substances

A

eye

28
Q

The primary point of contact for toxic substances is the ____

A

cornea

29
Q

The outer layer of the eye is made up of connective tissue called the _____

A

sclera

30
Q

middle layer of the eye is called ____

A

choroid

31
Q

forms the iris

A

choroid

32
Q

innermost layer of eyes that produces images

A

retina

33
Q

compartments within the eye contain a fluid-like substance is called ____

A

aqueous humor

34
Q

transparent jelly-like substance is called ____

A

vitreous humor

35
Q

All nutrients and oxygen must diffuse through the _____in the back of cornea to repair the damaged tissue.

A

aqueous humor

36
Q

into a vein injections

A

Intravenous injections

37
Q

into the muscle

A

Intramuscular injections

38
Q

into the abdominal cavity

A

Intra peritoneal injections

39
Q

into the skin

A

Intradermal injections

40
Q

under the skin

A

Subcutaneous injections

41
Q

generally produce the greatest effect and the most rapid response when inserted directly into the bloodstream

A

toxic chemicals

42
Q

exposure to a chemical for 24 hours or less

A

acute

43
Q

exposure to a chemical for more than 3 months.

A

chronic

44
Q

exposure to a chemical for 1 month or less

A

sub-acute

45
Q

exposure to a chemical between 1 to 3 months

A

sub-chronic

46
Q

seen at or near the body part or parts where exposure occurred

A

local effects

47
Q

The ______ in the organ is
dependent on the absorption, distribution, biotransformation, and excretion of the substance

A

concentration

48
Q

occurs when a substance is changed from one form to
another, which may also change the toxic properties of the substance

A

biotransformation

49
Q

The ________ at which a toxic substance is removed from the body determines whether it will have a toxic effect.

A

rate (speed)

50
Q

The main way a chemical is excreted from the human body is through the _____

A

urine

51
Q

also important in removing certain chemicals from the body.

A

kidneys, lungs and liver

52
Q

liminates the greatest number of toxins than any other
tissue/organ

A

kidney

53
Q

eliminate substances that are in the gaseous phase, like carbon
dioxide

A

lungs

54
Q

removes substances like lead or DDT (pesticide) by excreting them into
bile

A

liver

55
Q

all substances are poisonous there is non that is not poisonous (true or false)

A

true

56
Q

right dose dufferentiates a poison and a remedy (true or false)

A

true

57
Q

most common path of toxic substance exposure

A

contact with skin

58
Q

easy penetrates the stratum corneum and moves quickly through the other layers of the skin and is rapidly absorbed into the bloodstream

A

malathion

59
Q

does not esasily penetrate the stratum corneum so the rate of absorption is much slower

A

DDT

60
Q

can increase the rate or amount of material absorbed

A

increasing concentration of toxic substance or the exposure time

61
Q

factors affecting the dermal absorption of toxic substance

A

condition of the skin, chemical makeup of the toxic substance, increasing concentration of toxic substance or exposutre time

ENSC 85 - ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH (5 decks)

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