ROUTES OF EXPOSURE

Question 1

about _________ chemicals are used worldwide

Answer 1

70,000

Question 2

chemical industry introduces _____ to ________ new chemicals each year.

Answer 2

200 to 1,000

Question 3

Trace amounts of toxic chemicals are present in ___

Answer 3

food, air, and drinking water

Question 4

Exposure to toxic substances occurs through the three major routes

Answer 4

1. skin (dermal absorption)
2. respiratory tract (inhalation)
3. digestive tract (ingestion)

Question 5

Contact with the skin is the most common path of toxic substance exposure

Answer 5

dermal absorption

Question 6

outer layer of skin

Answer 6

epidermis

Question 7

The outermost layer is

Answer 7

stratum corneum (carnified layer)

Question 8

structure that determines the rate of absorption of substances through the epidermis

Answer 8

stratum corneum (carnified layer)

Question 9

The inner layer of the skin is sometimes referred to as the ____

Answer 9

true skin

Question 10

in animal hides, this is the layer that turns to leather when chemically processed

Answer 10

dermis (inner layer)

Question 11

source of oxygen and of nutrients for the epidermis.

Answer 11

dermis (inner layer)

Question 12

The hair follicles, sweat glands, and sebaceous (oil) glands are found in this layer

Answer 12

dermis (inner layer)

Question 13

These structures play a limited role in the absorption of substances across the
skin

Answer 13

dermis (inner layer)

Question 14

This layer provides a cushion for the underlying structures and allows the skin to move to some extent.

Answer 14

Subcutaneous fatty tissue

Question 15

factors affecting dermal absorption of toxic substance

Answer 15

condition of skin, chemical make up of substance, increasing concentration of toxic substance or exposure time

Question 16

effective barrier to absorption of some toxic chemicals

Answer 16

intact stratum corneum (epidermis)

Question 17

not easily absorbed through intact, healthy skin (such as cadmium, lead,
mercury, and chromium

Answer 17

inorganic chemicals and substance

Question 18

________dissolved in water do not easily penetrate the skin because the skin is impermeable to water

Answer 18

organic chemicals

Question 19

easily absorbed through the
epidermis

Answer 19

organic solvents (paint thinner, gasoline)

Question 20

easiest and fastest means of exposure to toxic substances because toxic substances are readily absorbed in the respiratory tract.

Answer 20

inhalation

Question 21

the __________ of respiratory tract is NOT effective in preventing absorption of toxic substances into the
body.

Answer 21

lining

Question 22

The respiratory tract consists of the ____

Answer 22

nasal passages, trachea (windpipe), larynx (voicebox), and lungs.

Question 23

usually occurs accidentally or unknowingly

Answer 23

ingestion

Question 24

digestive tract consists of ____

Answer 24

mouth, esophagus (food canal), stomach, intestine (large and small).

Question 25

affect the absorption of toxic substances

Answer 25

physical and chemical factors

Question 26

affected because of the structure of the body and the length of time food containing the substance remains in the body

Answer 26

absorption

Question 27

common point of contact for toxic substances

Answer 27

eye

Question 28

The primary point of contact for toxic substances is the ____

Answer 28

cornea

Question 29

The outer layer of the eye is made up of connective tissue called the _____

Answer 29

sclera

Question 30

middle layer of the eye is called ____

Answer 30

choroid

Question 31

forms the iris

Answer 31

choroid

Question 32

innermost layer of eyes that produces images

Answer 32

retina

Question 33

compartments within the eye contain a fluid-like substance is called ____

Answer 33

aqueous humor

Question 34

transparent jelly-like substance is called ____

Answer 34

vitreous humor

Question 35

All nutrients and oxygen must diffuse through the _____in the back of cornea to repair the damaged tissue.

Answer 35

aqueous humor

Question 36

into a vein injections

Answer 36

Intravenous injections

Question 37

into the muscle

Answer 37

Intramuscular injections

Question 38

into the abdominal cavity

Answer 38

Intra peritoneal injections

Question 39

into the skin

Answer 39

Intradermal injections

Question 40

under the skin

Answer 40

Subcutaneous injections

Question 41

generally produce the greatest effect and the most rapid response when inserted directly into the bloodstream

Answer 41

toxic chemicals

Question 42

exposure to a chemical for 24 hours or less

Answer 42

acute

Question 43

exposure to a chemical for more than 3 months.

Answer 43

chronic

Question 44

exposure to a chemical for 1 month or less

Answer 44

sub-acute

Question 45

exposure to a chemical between 1 to 3 months

Answer 45

sub-chronic

Question 46

seen at or near the body part or parts where exposure occurred

Answer 46

local effects

Question 47

The ______ in the organ is dependent on the absorption, distribution, biotransformation, and excretion of the substance

Answer 47

concentration

Question 48

occurs when a substance is changed from one form to another, which may also change the toxic properties of the substance

Answer 48

biotransformation

Question 49

The ________ at which a toxic substance is removed from the body determines whether it will have a toxic effect.

Answer 49

rate (speed)

Question 50

The main way a chemical is excreted from the human body is through the _____

Answer 50

urine

Question 51

also important in removing certain chemicals from the body.

Answer 51

kidneys, lungs and liver

Question 52

liminates the greatest number of toxins than any other tissue/organ

Answer 52

kidney

Question 53

eliminate substances that are in the gaseous phase, like carbon dioxide

Answer 53

lungs

Question 54

removes substances like lead or DDT (pesticide) by excreting them into bile

Answer 54

liver

Question 55

all substances are poisonous there is non that is not poisonous (true or false)

Answer 55

true

Question 56

right dose dufferentiates a poison and a remedy (true or false)

Answer 56

true

Question 57

most common path of toxic substance exposure

Answer 57

contact with skin

Question 58

easy penetrates the stratum corneum and moves quickly through the other layers of the skin and is rapidly absorbed into the bloodstream

Answer 58

malathion

Question 59

does not esasily penetrate the stratum corneum so the rate of absorption is much slower

Answer 59

DDT

Question 60

can increase the rate or amount of material absorbed

Answer 60

increasing concentration of toxic substance or the exposure time

Question 61

factors affecting the dermal absorption of toxic substance

Answer 61

condition of the skin, chemical makeup of the toxic substance, increasing concentration of toxic substance or exposutre time