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LEC CPROT > Toxicology > Flashcards

Toxicology Flashcards

1
Q

Science of the action of medicines, their nature, preparation, administration
and effects

A

Pharmacology

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2
Q

One of the oldest branch of pharmacology;
Traditionally, thought of as the science of poisons affecting human lives;
The study of harmful action of chemical on biological tissues

A

Toxicology

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3
Q

Toxicology involves understanding of

A

Chemical reactions and interaction of biological mechanisms

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4
Q

Toxicology includes studies on the

A

metabolism and excretion of poisons;
action of poisons;
treatment of poisoning;
systematic chemical and physical analyses and diagnosis

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5
Q

biocidal agricultural chemical are collectively known as;
the largest group of poisonous substances used today;
intended to prevent, destroy, repel, or mitigate ant pests

A

Pesticides

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6
Q

kinds of pesticides

A

Insecticides;
miticides or acaricides;
nematicides;
fungicides;
bactericides;
rodenticides;
molluscicides

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7
Q

forced entomologist to study the properties of insecticides

A

the necessity to use insecticides properly

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8
Q

the most numerous and valuable pesticides

A

insecticides

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9
Q

a subdiscipline of medical technology;
determine tolerance levels of pesticides in man;
specifically concerned with the selective toxicity of chemical to insects without affecting mammals

A

insecticides toxicology

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10
Q

interested in the elucidation of the mechanism of action of toxicants

A

insecticide toxicologist

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11
Q

a discipline based on the study of a particular group of toxic chemical rather than on their effects in a particular group of animals

A

insecticide toxicology

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12
Q

process by which a chemical crosses the various membrane barriers of a living organism

A

absorption

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13
Q

refers to the ability of a poison to produce adverse effects;
capacity of a substance to produce injury

A

toxicity

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14
Q

poisons work by altering normal body functions

A
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15
Q

type of toxicity;
based on the number of exposures and the time of symptoms to develop

A

Acute toxicity;
Chronic toxicity

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16
Q

short term exposure and adverse effects occurs within a relatively short period of time

A

acute toxicity

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17
Q

high acute toxicity may be deadly even if a very small amount is absorbed

A
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18
Q

acute toxicity is determined by applying different concentration of a pesticide to lab animals and mortalities are taken at predetermined levels

A
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19
Q

dose of concentration resulting to 50% mortality of the test population

A

LD50 or LC 50

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20
Q

the smaller the value of ld 50 the more toxic is the compound

A
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21
Q

3 routes of application on where acute toxicity values are generally determined

A

Acute oral;
Acute dermal;
Acute inhalation

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22
Q

a requirement for a new compound introduced into commerce;
important in poisons which could be swallowed;

A

oral toxicity

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23
Q

Very important if it is possible that skin contact can result from the normal use or handling of the compound;
Assessed thru exposure of skin of experimental animals to the pesticide material and then observing resultant mortalities expressed as LD50

A

Dermal toxicity

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24
Q

Very important because of occupational exposures by virtually all handlers of pesticides;
Determined by vaporizing the pesticide in an enclosed chamber;
Result is expressed as LC50 or the concentration in ambient air that causes 50% mortality

A

Inhalation toxicicty

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25
Q

The single dose of a toxic substance administered by any route, other than by inhalation, that causes the death of 50% of an animal population

A

LD50 (Lethal Dose 50)

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26
Q

The lowest dose of a substance reported to have caused death in humans or animals

A

LD Lo (Lethal Dose low)

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27
Q

The concentration of a material in the air that kills 50% of a group of test animals when administered as a single exposure in a specific time period (usually 1 hr)

A

LC50 (Lethal Concentration 50)

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28
Q

This is due to a repeated or long-term exposure and happens over a longer period of time;
refers to harmful effects produced by long-term exposure to pesticides;
Symptoms are exhibited only after prolonged exposure which may take years;
No way to determine which one elicited the effect if a person had been exposed to several pesticides

A

chronic toxicity

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29
Q

Main organs that are evaluated in the determination of chronic toxicity

A

liver and kidney

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30
Q

what does chronic toxicity affect

A

reproduction;
weight;
behavior;
formation of tumors;
teratogenic effect;
delayed neurotoxicity

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31
Q

the amount available for interaction with metabolic
processes or biologically significant receptors after crossing the relevant;
Total amount of a substance administered

A

does

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32
Q

proportion of a population that demmonstrated a defined effect in a given time or dose

A

response

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33
Q

time taken for the reactant concentration to fall one-half its initial value

A

half life

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34
Q

ability of an organism to show less response;
refers to the acquired resistance

A

tolerance

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35
Q

pesticides = ____ % in total agrochemical inputs

A

18.2

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36
Q

insecticides = ____ % of the total pesticides trade in the country

A

56

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37
Q

crop that gets the largest gross of insecticide application

A

rice

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38
Q

most commonly used insecticides

A

organophosphate, carbamates, pyrethroids

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39
Q

term for mixed pesticides

A

cocktail

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40
Q

most used chemical among the organophosphates

A

endosulfan

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41
Q

was misused as a molluscicide for golden snail control when organotin compounds became scarce due to regulation

A

endosulfan

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42
Q

year on when the endosulfan was severely restricted

A

1993

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43
Q

first recorded use of insecticides

A

2500 BC by sumerians

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44
Q

earliest insecticides

A

inorganic sulfur (1000 BC);
Arsenic (900 AD);
lead arsenate, calcium arsenate, sodium arsenate, sodium fluoride, cryolite, and boric acid;
nicotinoids (17-18);
natural pyrethroids (18-19);
rotenoids (19);
pyrethrum and derris (1750 - 1880 europe;

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45
Q

a source of rotenone

A

derris (controls leaf eating caterpillars)

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46
Q

pyrethrum is from

A

chrysantheum flowers

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47
Q

Nicotine
firs used:
isolated by:
synthesized by:

A

1763
posselt and reimmann (1828)
pictet and rotschy (1904)

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48
Q

Effective against aphids and other soft-bodied insects;
high concentration from leaves of Nicotiana tabacum and N. rustica.

A

nicotine

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49
Q

the first rotenoid to be used;
from plant species in the family leguminosae

A

rotenone

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50
Q

he isolated rotenone and named it NICOULENE

A

geoffroy (1892)

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51
Q

named rotenone and isolated it from derris (Derris elliptica, D. malaccensis, D. philippinensis, Lonchocarpus utilis, L. uruca and Tephrosia vogelli)

A

nagai rotenone (1902)

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52
Q

derived from flowering plants Chrysanthemum, family Asteraceae

A

natural pyrethroids

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53
Q

contain the highest concentration of the insecticidal metabolite pyrethrin

A

C. cinerariaefolium and C. coccineum

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54
Q

based from pyrethrum compounds consisting of 6 esters

A

synthetic pyrethroids

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55
Q

discovered ddt

A

paul muller (1939(

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56
Q

controlled louse vectors and mosquito vector of malaria

A

ddt

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57
Q

was the most widely used pesticide in the world until 1960s

A

ddt

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58
Q

discovered ddt to be hazardous

A

rachel carson (silent spring0

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59
Q

number of countries where ddt is banned

A

86

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60
Q

Discovery of organophosphorous compounds designed as nerve gases chemical warfare led to the development of the organophosphorous insecticides (Ops

A
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61
Q

Continuous efforts to find more selective insecticides with lower mammalian toxicity than the Ops led to the production of

A

carbamates

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62
Q

newer groups of insecticides with improved efficacy and novel mode of action and broader selectivity

A

PYRETHROIDS AND NEONICOTINOIDS

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63
Q

are synthesized to produce the new generation insecticides such as Bt, pyrethroids , spinosads and pheromone

A

BIO- RATIONAL PESTICIDES

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64
Q

year of first commercial planting of gmo corn

A

1996

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65
Q

contain the highest concentration of pyrethrin;
where natural pyrethroids are derived from

A

Asteraceae: Chrysanthemum cinerariafolium and C. coccineum

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66
Q

EPA (US)

A

Environmental Protection Agency

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67
Q

FPA (PH)

A

Fetilizer and Pesticide Authority

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68
Q

3 separate activities in insecticide production

A

synthesis;
formulationl;
dilution

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69
Q

Formulation of product in liquid or solid in the same place or sent to a formulator

A

Formulating the pesticides

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70
Q

FORMULATING THE PESTICIDE
a.i. mixed with carrier suited to the type of formulation
Liquid pesticide: 200-liter drums for large scale, 120liter jugs for small-scale, smaller-amber colored or polyethylene plastic bottles of 125 ml – 1 L for much smaller scale; dry formulations: 250 g sachets to 10 kg

A
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71
Q

Dilution

the final product consists of 0.5 to 1 percent of the original a.i

A
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72
Q

Why regulate pesticides?

To provide man and the environment with
maximum possible protection from potential adverse effects

A
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73
Q

Why regulate pesticides?

To provide man and the environment with
maximum possible protection from potential adverse effects

A
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74
Q

Duties of chemical company

A

Identify uses of pesticide;
Test its effectiveness of it in different environmental conditions;
Provide data on: chemical structure, production, formulation, fate persistence, environmental impact;
Submit registration data package

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75
Q

registration data package includes

A
  • Studies on acute, chronic, reproductive and developmental toxicity to mammals, birds and fish
  • Pesticide’s environmental fate, degradation and translocation to other sites
  • Ecological studies on its harmful effects to, an on nontarget plants and animals
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76
Q

continued use of a pesticide is supervised by the

A

Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) (1997)

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77
Q

European Food Safety Authority (Europe)

A
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78
Q

Regulates all registration matters and for the Prior Informed consent (PIC) procedures

A

FPA

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79
Q

international information exchange sponsored by the UN to assist countries throughout the world in decisions on whether to allow import of chemicals of concern including pesticides

A

Prior Informed Consent (PIC)

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80
Q

A form with data regarding the properties of a particular substance, providing relevant health and safety information on hazardous chemicals

A

Material SAfety Data Sheet (MSDS)

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81
Q

MSDS includes

A

Physical data, toxicity health effects, first aid, reactivity, storage, disposal, protective equipment for handling and specific country and supplier

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82
Q

Benefits of insecticide use

A
  1. Higher yield, lower losses, higher quality products, more uniform products and higher profit for the producers
  2. Higher quality with less wastage, lower cost, uniform product for ease of handling for the processors
  3. Lower risk of bio-contamination for the caterer
  4. More uniform products with fewer blemishes and increased sales for the retailer
  5. Higher quality products, possibly lower costs for the consumer
  6. Eradication of vectors by those concerned in public health
  7. Best treatment for structural pests
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83
Q

Consequences of insecticide use

A
  1. Inappropriate use caused problems of toxicity to nontarget organism
  2. Residue on crops or environmental contamination
  3. Development of resistance
  4. Need for frequent subsequent application
  5. As persistent organic pollutant
  6. Pesticide misuse causes health impacts in farming communities
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84
Q

list of pesticide health impacts in farming communities

A

-increased mortality
-dermal contamination
-depression in cholinesterase level
- fetal abnormalities
-spontaneous abortion among pregnant women
-allergic reaction

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85
Q

FPA enacted policies in banning use of hazardous pesticides as early as in the

A

1980s

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86
Q

pesticides that cannot be brought into the PH

A

Banned pesticides

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87
Q

Pesticides that can only be used only under specified conditions

A

Restricted

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88
Q

used as an alternative to organotin

A

GAS

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89
Q

process of determining the biological activity of a substance and comparing its effect with those standard preparations on a test organism

A

Bioassay

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90
Q

test within an organism

A

In vivo

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91
Q

test outside the body

A

In vitro

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92
Q

Types of bioassay

A

Injection method;
Topical method;
Immersion method;
residual contact toxicity test;
leaf dip method;
antifeedant test;
diet incorporation test;
in plant assay test;
high throughput screening;

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93
Q

basic screening technique where a test fluid is injected into the blood stream of a common large insect using a tuberculin syringe and a calibrated micrometer head;
eliminates the differences in surface activity, penetrability and other properties of the body wall, digestive tract or the respiratory system of different insects

A

Injection method

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94
Q

Insecticide is applied topically to the outer surface of the insect using a micropipettor or a special syringe;
used to measure the relative toxicity of test compounds, particularly contact poisons.

A

Topical methods

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95
Q

also known as“larval dip” method;
another form of topical application using diluted solution of formulated insecticide ;
suited for small bodies insects

A

immersion method

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96
Q

involves coating a thin film of diluted solutions of formulated insecticide onto a leaf, filter paper, glass or plastic surfaces and insects are released unto the treated surface and thus exposed to the insecticide.

A

residual contact toxicity test

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97
Q

closely simulates field exposure condition;
Insects are released on the treated leaf surface and allowed to feed.

A

leaf dip method

98
Q

developed by Schwinger and Kraus in 1983 which involves painting half the nether surface of a leaf with methanol – dissolved compounds and the other half with methanol only and insects are introduced to the treated leaf and allowed to feed

A

antifeedant test

99
Q

incorporates the toxicant in the artificial diet;
used to assess effects of insect growth regulators (IGRs)

A

diet incorporation test

100
Q

use to assess the effects of systemic insecticides on sucking insects;
can be used to assess crystal Bt tocxins on larvae with slight modifications

A

in plant assay

101
Q

designed to screen efficiently hundreds or thousands of chemicals in a short period of time with limited manpower;
ideal for aquatic pests

A

high throughput screening

102
Q

did the idea of probit analysis

A

Chester ittner bliss (1934)

103
Q

Wrote thr probe analysis

A

David Finney (1952)

104
Q

Could be plot against the logarithm of the dose to obtain a more or less straight line

A

Probit or Probability unit

105
Q

the preferred statistical method in biological analysis;
transforms the sigmoid dose-response to a straight line

A

Probit analysis

106
Q

Compounds designed primarily to kill insects;
derived from Latin suffix -cida = “killer”

A

insecticides

107
Q

a situation in which a population, after having been suppressed rebounds to numbers higher than before suppression occurred;
consequence of insecticide resistance and destruction of natural enemies

A

Pest resurgence

108
Q

insects previously considered not pests being released control and become major pest

A

secondary pest outbreak

109
Q

how do insecticides enter the insects body

A

oral route;
dermal route

110
Q

Exert toxic action only after being introduced into the alimentary canal

A

stomach insecticides

111
Q

Cause toxicity when insects come in contact with them AND TRANSPORTED to site of action via the circulatory system

A

contact insecticides

112
Q

contact insecticides penetrates the insect’s exoskeleton through

A

respiratory system;
exoskeleton;
soft membrane;
other pathway system

113
Q

TRANSLOCATED TO THE UNTREATED PARTS IN CONCENTRATIONS THAT MAKE TRANSLOCATION SITES TOXIC

A

systemic insecticides

114
Q

formal process by which insecticides are named

A

insecticides nomeclature

115
Q

3 designated names of insecticides

A

approved common name;
trade name, brade name;
chemical name

116
Q

is the US common name for insecticides are officially selected by the __________ and approved by the _____________

A

Entomological Society of America;
American National Standards Institute and the International Organization for Standardization

117
Q

Name given by the manufacturer or formulator

A

Trade name

118
Q

Provides a description of the insecticides structure

A

chemical name

119
Q

chemical name is formed by following the _______ developed by the __________

A

“Definitive Rules for the Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry”;
International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry

120
Q

The quality of being toxic or poisonous;
Degree or intensity of virulence of a poison;
refers to a substances inherent poisonous potency

A

Toxicity

121
Q

TO understand toxicity and how to use insecticides efficiently and safely, we must first understand their

A

Mode of action

122
Q

involves all the ANATOMICAL, PHYSICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL RESPONSES to a chemical, as well as its FATE in the organism

A

Insecticides mode of action

123
Q

ALL INSECTICIDES BLOCK METABOLIC PROCESSES IN INSECTS, BUT DIFFERENT COMPOUNDS DO THIS IN DIFFERENT WAYS.

A
124
Q

major insecticide groups based on mode of action

A

nerve poison;
muscle poison;
Physical toxicants

125
Q

affect the insect’s nervous system mostly as narcotics, axonic poisons and synaptic poisons

A

nerve poisons

126
Q

nerve poison that has a mostly physical mode of action;
Fat-soluble, lodge in fatty tissues including nerve sheaths and lipoproteins of the brain

A

narcotics

127
Q

nerve poison that has a mostly physical mode of action;
Fat-soluble, lodge in fatty tissues including nerve sheaths and lipoproteins of the brain

A

narcotics

128
Q

act primarily by interrupting /disrupting normal axonic transmission of the nervous system;
induce changes in axonic membrane permeability,
causing repetitive discharges resulting to:  Convulsions  Paralysis  Death

A

Axonic poisons

129
Q

type of nerve trans. conveying an impulse from an arrival point along the axon to another neuron, muscle, or gland, or from a receptor cell

A

Axonic transmission

130
Q

an elongated extension of the cell body that transmits nerve impulses to other cells

A

Axon

131
Q

arise from the flow of positive sodium and potassium ions thru the cell membrane, CAUSING DEPOLARIZATION.

A

nerve impulses

132
Q

creates a wave of action potential (the impulse) that passes quickly down the axon.

A

Depolarization

133
Q

work by keeping the sodium gates OPEN

A

Pyrethroid and DDT insecticides

134
Q

act by interrupting synaptic transmission

A

Synaptic poisons

135
Q

type of impulse trans. which is mainly chemical

A

Synaptic transmission

136
Q

junction or gap between neurons and other cells

A

synapse

137
Q

COMPLETED REACTION
from a sensory neuron  thru an interneuron and directly to a motor neuron

A

REFLEX REACTION

138
Q

forms and transmits an impulse across the synapse (gap) to the next cell

A

acetylcholine

139
Q

returns the synapse to the resting state;
breaks down the acetylcholine

A

acetylcholinesterase

140
Q

Inhibition causes BUILD-UP OF acetylcholine and a MALFUNCTION of the transmitting system, which leads to symptoms of:

A

restlessness;
hyperexcitability;
tremors and convulsions;
paralysis;
death

141
Q

Inhibition of acetylcholinesterase by carbamates is reversible but not so with organophosphates.

A
142
Q

other synaptic poisons

A

nicotine;
nicotine sulfate;
neonicotinoids;
spinosyns;
Formamidines

143
Q

Poison by mimicking acetylcholine at the synapse

A

neonicotinoids

144
Q

causes death by affecting the enzymes involved with other chemical transmitters

A

Formamidines

145
Q

Poison that have direct influence on muscle tissue

A

Muscle poisons

146
Q

disrupts the excitable membrane of muscle resulting to increase in 02 consumption followed by flaccid paralysis and death

A

ryanodine

147
Q

Block metabolic process by physical rather than chemical means;
refined oil applied to surface of water;
dormant oil applied to trees;
abrasive dust

A

Physical toxicants

148
Q

a stomach poison and an abrasive dust

A

boric acid

149
Q

this material is relatively pure form of the insecticidal compound that comprises the active ingredient

A

technical grade material

150
Q

mixed with TGM to make the insecticide convenient to handle and easy to apply

A

auxiliaries

151
Q

Toxic compound responsible for the insecticidal activity

A

active ingredient

152
Q

why are insecticides formulated in many forms

A

For storability ;
ease of application;
safety to the applicator and environment;
improved biological afficacy

153
Q

factors to consider in choosing the right formulation

A

content of active ingredient;
ease in handling and mixing;
safety of the applicator;
nature of pest to be controlled;
efficacy against pests;
habitat of pests;
type of application equipment available;
risk of drift and runoff;
possible crop injury;
cost

154
Q

components of insecticide formulations

A

active ingredient;
inert materials;
synergists

155
Q

Most important component in a formulation;
Substance that prevents, repels or kills the pest

A

Ai

156
Q

Other materials added to the formulation that helps in the application of the a.i.

A

Inert materials

157
Q

types of inert materials

A

solvent;
carriers or diluents;
adjuvant;
preservatives;
perfume;
coloring materials

158
Q

A liquid that dissolves the a. i.. It distributes the solute evenly throughout the solution

A

Solvent

159
Q

liquids or solids added to a formulation to aid in the delivery of a.i.

A

carriers or diluents

160
Q

chemical that improves toxicity and effectiveness.

A

Adjuvant

161
Q

Types of adjuvant

A

Surfactants;
Stickers;
Extenders;
Plant penetrants;
Drift control adhesivesl
Defoaming agents;
Thickeners;

162
Q

physically alter the surface tension of a spray droplet;
enlarge the area of pesticide coverage

A

Surfactants

163
Q

Surfactant that carry a negative charge

A

Anionic surfactant

164
Q

Surfactant that carry a positive charge

A

Cationic surfactant

165
Q

Surfactant that have no charge

A

Non-ionic surfactant

166
Q

examples of anionic surfactants

A

sodium n-dodecylbenzene sulfonate, decenyl succinate

167
Q

Examples of cationic surfactants

A

Dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide, alkylbenzene quaternary ammonium halide

168
Q

Examples of non-ionic surfactants

A

Tween 20, Sterox SK

169
Q

materials that increase the adhesion of solid particles to target surfaces.

A

Sitckers

170
Q

function like stickers by retaining pesticides longer on the target area, slow down evaporation and inhibit degradation by sunlight

A

Extenders

171
Q

enhances penetration of some pesticides into plants.

A

Plants penetrants

172
Q

improve on target placement of the pesticide spray by increasing droplet size

A

Drift control adhesives

173
Q

is a function of a droplet size

A

dirft

174
Q

tend to drift away from target site

A

Fine drops (100 microns or less)

175
Q

can reduce or eliminate the foam or frothy “head” in sprayer tanks produced by the formulation

A

Defoaming agents

176
Q

increase the viscosity ( thickness) of spray mixtures

A

thickeners

177
Q

slowing this down is very important in systemic pesticides

A

evaporation

178
Q

Antioxidants to slow down decomposition of a.i

A

Preservatives

179
Q

Gives a pleasant odor to the pesticide

A

Perfume

180
Q

Added to differentiate them from non-toxic ones

A

Coloring materials

181
Q

chemicals that do not possess insecticidal property but enhance the efficacy of the a.i

A

Synergists

182
Q

Examples of synergists

A

piperonyl butoxide (PBO)

183
Q

piperonyl butoxide (PBO) increases the effectivity of

A

pyrethrin

184
Q

List of conventional insecticide formulations

A

 Wettable powder (WP)  Dustable powder (DP)  Granules (GR)  Solution concentrate (SL)  Emulsifiable concentrate (ES)  Suspension concentrates  Seed treatments  Fumigants  Baits

185
Q

list of new generation insecticides formulations

A

 Oil-in-emulsion (EW)
Suspoemulsion (SE)
Controlled-release formulation
Water-dispersable granules (WG)
 Gelatinized fluids
 Ultra-low-volume (ULV) liquids
 Microencapsulated product (ME)
Water-soluble packets (WSP)
 Attractants

186
Q

rate of penetration of any material thru the insect cuticle is dependent on the

A

Nature of the cuticle as a membrane;
nature of the material

187
Q

SINGLE LAYER OF CELLS CALLED EPIDERMIS BOUNDED ON THE INSIDE BY A BASEMENT MEMBRANE AND ON THE OUTSIDE BY THE CUTICLE

A

insect integument

188
Q

layers of cuticle

A

epicuticle;
exocuticle;
endocuticle

189
Q

Outer surface impregnated by lipids or wax and maybe overlaid by grease or heavy layer of wax, or a thick layer of cement;

A

Epicuticle

190
Q

oppose the entry of insecticides to a certain extent

A

cement and wax layers

191
Q

hard, dry and rigid and as such is insoluble with water

A

exocuticle

192
Q

contains chitin which is embedded in a matrix of arthropodin (water soluble protein)

A

endocuticle

193
Q

secretes wax

A

dermal glands

194
Q

the cuticle is perforated by

A

pores

195
Q

the cuticle is a two-phase system: OUTER PHASE (EPICUTICLE) = HYDROPHOBIC INNER PHASE(EXO- & ENDOCUTICLE)=HYDROPHILIC

A
196
Q

traverses the two phases of the cuticle;
extends form the hypodermis to the epicuticle

A

lilophylic elements

197
Q

very important in the penetration of the insecticide to the insect’s body

A

texture of the epicuticle

198
Q

greatly affects the rate of penetration

A

polarity of the insecticides

199
Q

the epicuticle is _____ in nature

A

apolar

200
Q

3 major factors affecting the amount of insecticide penetrating the insect body

A
  1. Lipid solubility or polarity of the insecticide
  2. Affinity of the compound for the cuticular components other than lipids ( protein, chitin)
  3. Solubility of the compound to the hemolymph
201
Q

can enhance insecticide penetration

A

use of solvent

202
Q

main channels of diffusion of the insecticides in the
presence of a solvent are thru the

A

hydrophilic elements

203
Q

antity of the original active ingredient or its biologically -active transformation product which remains in or on a substrate after weathering factors have taken effect.

A

residues

204
Q

more toxic metabolites

A

heptachlor epoxide from heptachlor; photodeildrin from deildrin; paraoxon from parathion; sulfoxide/sulfone from aldicarb

205
Q

from heptachlor

A

heptachlor epoxide

206
Q

from deildrin

A

photodeildrin

207
Q

parathion

A

paraoxon

208
Q

from aldicarb

A

sufoxide/sulfone

209
Q

Factors affecting the rate of insecticides bbreakdown

A

chemistry of the insecticide2;
chemical and physical properties of spray additives;
chemistry of spray water;
environmental factors;
plant factors;

210
Q

the largest environmental reservoir of insecticides

A

SOIL

211
Q

Factors affecting fate of insecticdes in the soil

A

Soil type;
Moisture;
Temperature;
Cover crops;
Mode of cultivation;
Application and formulation

212
Q

Residue characteristics of insectices in soils

A

Organocholorides;
Organophosphates;
Carbamates;
Botanicals

213
Q

highly persistent in the soil

A

Organochlorines

214
Q

breakdown in the soil is slow;
increased persistency in acidic soils

A

organophosphates

215
Q

have soil half life of 7-28 days

A

carbamates

216
Q

short persistence on soil

A

Botanicals

217
Q

Process by which biological organisms increase their pesticide content in relation to their position in the food chain

A

Biological magnification or biological concentration

218
Q

If a pesticide reaches bodies of water, e.g. lakes, it would tend to concentrate on the aquatic plants by

A

Simple differential affinity

219
Q

EFFECTS OF ACCUMULATION OF PESTICIDES IN THE BODY OF BIOLOGICAL ORGANISMS

A

Death;
egg shell thinning;
degenerative liver lesions;
abnormal reproduction;
hypersensitivity

220
Q

any substance or mixture of substances in food for humans and animals resulting from the use of a pesticide

A

pesticides residues

221
Q

the maximum concentration for a pesticide residue resulting from the use of a pesticide according to GOOD AGRICULTURAL PRACTICE (GAP)

A

Maximum residue limit

222
Q

GAP is recommended by

A

Codex Alimentarius Commission

223
Q

he officially recommended or authorized usage of pesticides under practical conditions at any stage of products’ storage, transport, distribution, and processing of food, agricultural commodities and animal feed

A

Good agricultural practice

224
Q

to less toxic forms or in some instances more toxic products

A

Degradation

225
Q

into some ecosystems

A

TRANSFER/TRANSLOCATION OR BIOCONCENTRATIO

226
Q

ENVIRONMENTAL ALTERATION OF INSECTICIDAL RESIDUES

A

Degradation;
Transfer/translocation or bioconcentration;
immobilization

227
Q

Type of degradation

A

Microbial degradation;
sunlight degradation

228
Q

microbes that degrades insecticides

A

Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Pseudomonas phaseolicola, P. cepaphia, Lactobacillus bulgaris, Trichoderma harzianum Aspergillus niger, Fusarium solani, Rhizoctonia solani

229
Q

Compounds that facilitates transfer of light energy into receptor chemical

A

photosensitizers

230
Q

Residue levels in man are affected by

A

race;
age;
food habits;
life style;

231
Q

common health hazards form pesticide exposure

A

eye and skin irriitaiton;
asthma;
kidney and neurological disorders

232
Q

severe cases of exposure may lead to

A

paralysis;
blindness;
death

233
Q

undesirable effects of pesticides

A

Development of resistance;
destruction of non-target organisms;
pests resurgence;
secondary pests outbreak;
adverse environmental effects;
Dangers to human health

234
Q

selection for insects that are genetically resistant to the chemicals

A

Development of resistance

235
Q

situation in which a population after having been suppressed, rebound to numbers higher than before suppression occurred.

A

pest resurgence

236
Q

resistance is a selection process

A
237
Q

Monophagous pests develop resistance faster than polyphagous ones

A
238
Q

Use of non-persistent pesticides leads to slower resistance

A
239
Q

Pests with short life cycle develop resistance faster =

A
240
Q

ways to avoid resistance

A

reduce pesticide application;
Spot application;
use NP pesticides;
encourage natural enemies;
Use of negatively correlated insecticides

LEC CPROT (11 decks)

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