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Toxicology > Toxic principles in plants > Flashcards

Toxic principles in plants Flashcards

1
Q

What plants are part of the Arum family and contain insoluble calcium oxalates?

A 
CHINESE EVERGREEN*
Alocacia, elephant's ear
Flamingo plant*
Jack in the pulpit
Cuckoo pint
CALADIUM varieties* 
DUMBCANE varieties*
Pothos, Dvil's ivy*
Cutleaf philodendron, Swiss cheese*
Philodendeon varieties*
Peace lily*
Skunk Cabbage
ARROWHEAD VINE, nephthytis*
Calla lily, arum lily*
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2
Q

What plants in the Aralia family contain insoluble calcium oxalates?

A

Umbrella tree (common ornamental plant)

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3
Q

What plants in the palm family contain insoluble calcium oxalates?

A

Fishtail palm (uncommon, occur in hot climate)*

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4
Q

What part of the plant with insoluble calcium oxalates are toxic?

A

All parts

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5
Q

What is the mechanism of action of plants with insoluble calcium oxalates?

A

Plants have needle shaped calcium oxalate crystals that penetrate the oral mucosa, tongue, and throat causing irritation.

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6
Q

What species of plant produce proteolytic enzymes which cause the release of histamine and kinins by the body increasing the mechanical damage?

A

Dieffenbachia

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7
Q

What plants contain soluble oxalates?

A 
Halogeton*
Greasewood*
Pigweed*
Beet
Lamb's quarters
Rhubarb
Sorrel and soursop
Purslane
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8
Q

What is the mechanism of action for plants containing soluble oxalates?

A

Hypocalcemia and precipitation of insoluble calcium oxalates in soft tissue and kidney damage

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9
Q

What type of plants contain Isocupressic acid?

A

Ponderosa pine

Monterey cypress

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10
Q

What Plants may cause vasoconstriction and decrease uterine blood flow that stimulates release of fetal cortisol and abortion?

A

Ponderosa pine
Monterey cypress
(isocupressic acid containing plants)

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11
Q

What plants contain quinones?

A

St. John’s wort

Buckwheat

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12
Q

What plants cause primary photosensitization?

A

St. John’s wort
Buckwheat
(quinone containing plants)

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13
Q

What clinical signs will you see on animals that have ingested St. John’s work or Buckwheat plants?

A

Erythema, pruritis, edema, necrosis of the skin that usually leads to secondary bacterial infections

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14
Q

What plants contain tannic acid (tannins)?

A

Oak tree*

Pride of Barbados, poinciana, bird of paradise

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15
Q

What plants cause mainly tissue damage, including GI lessons and kidney damage?

A

Oak tree
Pride of barbados
(tannic acid containing plants)

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16
Q

Tannic acid containing plants, such as oak tree and pride of barbados mainly cause GI lesions and kidney damage in what animals?

A

Ruminants

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17
Q

Tannic acid containing plants, such as oak tree and pride of barbados mainly cause GI lesions in what animals?

A

Mono gastric animals

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18
Q

What clinical signs will you see on cattle with tannic acid toxicity?

A

Constipation, brown urine, anorexia, depression, rumen atony

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19
Q

What clinical signs will you on mono gastric animals with tannic acid toxicity?

A

GI sings, colic, depression, constipation, hemorrhagic diarrhea, hemoglobinuria, hematuria, icterus

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20
Q

What plants contain triterpene acids?

A

Lantana, yellow sage

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21
Q

What plants cause liver damage and hepatogenic photosensitization?

A

Lantana, yellow sage (triterpene acids)

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22
Q

What do Lantadene A and B cause?

A

Damage of bile canaille membranes and cholestasis

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23
Q

What plants decrease elimination of phylloerythrin, a metabolic of chlorophyll, which causes photosensitization?

A

Lantana, yellow sage

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24
Q

What clinical signs will you see on an animal that ingested lantana, yellow sage (triterpene acid)?

A

Depression, anorexia, constipation, diarrhea, icterus, photophobia, erythema, swelling, necrosis, sloughing

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25
Q

What animals are susceptible to lantana, yellow sage plants and what animals are resistant?

A

Ruminants - susceptible

Horses- resistant

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26
Q

What plants contain colchicine?

A

Autumn crocus, Meadow saffron

Glory lily, climbing lily

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27
Q

What plants are antimiotic by binding to tubulin and inhibiting spindle formation during cell division?

A

Autumn crocus, meadow saffron
Glory lily, climbing lily
(Colchicine containing plants)

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28
Q

What clinical signs will you see on animal that ingested colchicine containing plants?

A

Multi organ disfunction - affects all body systems!

GI, CV, Resp, renal failure, Hepatic, seizures, coagulopathies, myelosupression

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29
Q

What plants contain diterpene alkaloids?

A

Buttercup family
larkspur, delphinium
Monkshood, aconite

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30
Q

What plants competitively block the nicotinic receptors at the muscle endplate similar to curare?

A

Larkspur, delphinium
Monkshood, aconite
(Diterpene alkaloid containing plants)

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31
Q

What clinical signs will you see on an animal that ate a diterpene alkaloid containing plant?

A

Neuromuscular blockade signs - muscle weakness, stiffness, staggering, bloating, recumbency, collapse
Sudden death in cattle

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32
Q

what is the antidote for diterpene alkaloid toxicity?

A

physostigmine or neostigmine

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33
Q

What is the mechanism of action for Ergot plants containing ergot alkaloids?

A

Vasoconstriction and gangrene

Uterine contraction

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34
Q

What plants contain indolizidine alkaloids (swainsonine)?

A

Locoweeds, milk vetches (Astragalus and oxytropis)- legume family
Swainsona canescens in australia

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35
Q

What plants inhibit lysosomal enzymes essential for formation of glycoproteins? and also alter cellular function in the brain and many other organs such as endocrine, reproductive, heart, and immune system?

A

Locoweeds, milkvetches (Astragalus and Oxytropis)

Indolizidine alkaloid containing plants

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36
Q

What do locoweeds also contain, other than indolizidine alkaloids?

A

neurotoxic alkaloids

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37
Q

What do Astragalus and Oxytropis plants also contain other than indolizidine alkaloids?

A

Nitropropanol glycoside and selenium

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38
Q

What does Nitropropanol (in Astragalus and Oxytropis plants) cause?

A

Peripheral neuronal degeneration and respiratory signs

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39
Q

What does selenium (in Astragalus and Oxytropis plants) cause?

A

abnormal hoof and hair

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40
Q

What clinical signs will you see on an animal that ingested plants with Indolizidine alkaloids?

A

Locoism disease - neuronal signs
Depression, incoordination, ataxia, circling, infertility, congenital defects, heart failure, weight loss, poor performance, decrease immune function

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41
Q

What plants contain lycorine?

A 
Narcissus*
Kaffir lily, caffir lily
Spider lily
Barbados lily, fire lily
Zephyr lily, rain lily
River lily
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42
Q

What mechanism of action do lycorine containing plants have?

A

Emetic and purgative

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43
Q

What part of lycorine containing plants is most toxic

A

The bulb (under the ground)*

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44
Q

What plants have muscarine?

A

Poisonous mushrooms (Amanita muscaria)

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45
Q

What plant causes stimulation of muscarinic cholinergic receptors, CNS stimulation?

A

Muscarine containing plants - poisonous mushrooms (Amanita muscaria)

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46
Q

What is the antidote for muscarine toxicity?

A

atropine*

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47
Q

What plants contain piperidine alkaloids?

A 
Poison hemlock, spotted hemlock, California or nebraska fern 
Lupines
Tabacco*
Tree tobacco
Coyte tabacco
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48
Q

What toxin has nicotinic effects, starting with ganglionic and neuromuscular stimulation followed by ganglionic and neuromuscular blockade?

A

Piperidine alkaloids

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49
Q

Piperidine alkaloids include ___ in tabacco, ___ from poison hemlock, and _____ from lupines

A

Anabasine
Coniine
Ammodendrine

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50
Q

What clinical signs will you see on an animal with piperidine alkaloid toxicity?

A

Ataxia, incoordination, birth defects (skeletal malformations and cleft palate)

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51
Q

What plants contain pyridine alkaloids?

A

Tobacco plant
Tree tobacco
Lobelia

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52
Q

What acts on nicotinic receptors at autonomic ganglia, neuromuscular junction and some synapse in the CNS?

A

Nicotine and lobeline

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53
Q

What do low doses of nicotine and lobeline (pyridine alkaloid containing plants) cause?

A

Depolarization

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54
Q

What do large doses of nicotine and lobeline (pyridine alkaloid containing plants) cause?

A

Blockade

55
Q

What clinical signs will you see with pyridine alkaloid toxicity?

A

Excitation, salivation, lacrimation, vomiting, diarrhea, tachypnea, muscle twitching, muscle weakness, dyspnea

56
Q

What plants contain pyrrolizidine alkaloids?

A

Rattlebox, crotolaria

Senecio, groundsel, ragwort

57
Q

What do pyrrolizidine alkaloid containing plants cause?

A

hepatotoxic

Hepatic encephalopathy

58
Q

What plants contain solanine and solanidine alkaloids?

A 
Nightshade family
Black nightshade
American nightshade
eggplant
tomato
Chinese lantern
Chalice vine
Turkey berry
59
Q

What is the MOA for solanine and solanidine alkaloid containing plants?

A

GI, CNS, resp, cardiac

60
Q

What plants contain Taxine alkaloids?

A

Japanes yew

61
Q

What is the MOA for Taxine alkaloid containing plants?

A

Cardiotoxic and GI

62
Q

What plants contain Tropane alkaloids (atropine, hyoscine, hyoscyamine)

A

Jimsonweed, thornapple, angle’s trumpet
Devils trumpet
Henbane

63
Q

what is the antidote for tropane alkaloid toxicity?

A

neostigmine and physostigmine

64
Q

What plants contain Xanthine alkaloids (caffeine, thyophyllin, theobromine)?

A

Cocoa

Coffee

65
Q

What is the MOA for cocoa and coffee plants?

A 
Blocking adenosin (A) receptors 
Inhibiting phosphodiesterase
66
Q

What clinical signs will you see with xanthine alkaloid toxicity?

A

Salivation, vomiting, colic, diarrhea, CNS stimulation and convulsive seizures!!!
muscle tremors, tachycardia, hypotension, urination

67
Q

What plants contain anthraquinone glycosides?

A

Buckthorn
Coffee weed, senna
Aloe vera
Cascara sagrada obtained from Rhamnus purshiana

68
Q

What plant has an unknown principle that causes skeletal and cardiac muscle degeneration and the urine may be coffee colored due to myoglobinuria which may cause kidney damage?

A

Coffee weed (senna occidentalis)

69
Q

What plant contains Calcinogenic glycosides (vitamin D analog)?

A

Day blooming Jessamine

Turkey berry

70
Q

What is the MOA for calcinogenic glycoside containing plants?

A

Hypercalcemia, calcification of the elastic tissues of arteries, tendons, ligaments as well as generalized increased density of the bones causing lameness

71
Q

What plants contain carboxyatractyloside (sulfated glycoside)?

A

Cocklebur

72
Q

What plant is hepatotoxic (liver being the primary target), cause excessive salivation (mechanical injury to the mouth) and may cause renal damage and hypoglycemia?

A

Cocklebur (xanthium)

Carboxyatractyloside toxin

73
Q

What plants contain cardiac glycosides?

A 
OLEANDER 
Foxglove
Yellow oleander, lucky nut, be-still tree
Periwinkle
Squill
Lily of the valley
Milkweed
Purple allamanda, rubber vine
Butterfly weed
Frangipani
Christmas kallanchoe
74
Q

What plans are cadiotoxic by inhibiting Na/K ATPase?

A

Cardiac glycoside containing plants,

Oleander!

75
Q

What plants contain Coumarin glycoside?

A

Sweet clover

76
Q

What plant causes hemorrhage due to antagonism of vitamin K by inhibiting vitamin K epoxide reductase resulting in deficiency of coagulation factors II, VII, IX, X?

A

Sweet clover - contains coumarin glycosides

77
Q

What plants contain cyanogenic glycosides?

A

Wild cherries
Johnsongrass, sudan grass, sorghum
Elderberry

78
Q

What plants inhibit cytochrome oxidase and inhibit cellular respiration, cause vasoconstriction, inhibit glycolysis, citric acid cycle and cause irrigation to the mucous membranes?

A

Wild cherries
Johnsongrass, sudan grass, sorghum
Elderberry
Cyanogenic glycoside containing plants

79
Q

What plants contain Cycasin?

A

Sago palm (VERY TOXIC)
Japanese cycad
Cardboard palm
Coontie

80
Q

What plant has three toxins, Cycasin (a glycoside that causes GI and liver damage and is teratogenic, mutagenic and carcinogenic) B-Methylamino-L-alanine - BMAA (neurotoxic amino acid), and an unknown toxin that may cause axonal degeneration?

A

Cycad palms

81
Q

What plants contain glucosinolate (thiocyanate glycosides)?

A

Rape seed, Kale, broccoli, cabbage, brussel sprouts, turnip, couliflower, soybean, flax

82
Q

What plants are antithyroid?

A

Glucosinolate (thiocyanate glycoside) containing plants

83
Q

What plants contain Nitropropanol glycoside?

A

Milkvetch
Violets
Lotus
Indigo

84
Q

What plants inhibit enzymes of the krebs cycle and cellular oxidative phosphorylation?

A

Nitropropanol glycoside containing plants

Violets

85
Q

What plants contain phytoestrogen?

A

White clover
Subterranean clover
Alfalfa**

86
Q

What plants bind to estrogen receptors causing infertility in females and males?

A

Alfalfa - phytoestrogen containing plants

87
Q

What plants contain protoanemonin?

A 
Buttercup family
Anemone
Ranunculus
Clematis**
Helleborus
88
Q

What plants contain ptaquiloside?

A

Bracken fern

Brake fern

89
Q

What plants cause death of the precursor cells in the bone marrow causing aplastic anemia in cattle and sheep? and also cause neoplasm in the urinary tract causing enzootic bovine hematuria?

A

Ptaquiloside containing plants
Bracken fern
Brake fern

90
Q

What plants cause upper digestive tract and retinal degeneration in sheep?

A

Ptaquiloside containing plants
Bracken fern
Brake fern

91
Q

What plants contain Steroidal saponins?

A

Lechuguilla, agave
Nolina - agave family
Panicum - grass family

92
Q

What plants cause hepatogenic photosensitization?

A

Steroidal saponin containing plants
Lechuguilla, agave
as well as Quinone containing plants
St. Johns wort, Buckwheat

93
Q

What plants contain gossypol?

A

Cottonseed

94
Q

What is cardiotoxic, causes liver damage, reduces male fertility by destroying seminiferous, binds to proteins, amino acids and iron, only the free form is toxic, causes protein malnutrition, inhibits enzymes and interferes with hemoglobin synthesis?

A

Gossypol in cottonseed

95
Q

What does heat do to gossypol?

A

Changes the toxic free gossypol to the less toxic protein bound gossypol

96
Q

What decreased gossypol toxicity?

A

Iron salts decrease toxicity by increasing gossypol inactivation and excretion

97
Q

T/F, Ruminants are more sensitive to gossypol toxicity than mono gastric

A

false - monograstric are more sensitive

98
Q

What causes signs of copper deficiency, including watery bubbly diarrhea, wasting, anemia, depigmentation, demyelination and osteoporosis?

A

Molybdenum

99
Q

What plant contains copper?

A

Clovers

100
Q

What do clovers, containing copper cause?

A

liver damage, hemolysis, methemoglobinemia

101
Q

What plants contain selenium?

A 
Aster
Woody aster
Princess plume
Milk vetch
Goldenwood
paintbrush
Saltbush
Alfalfa
Tall grasses
102
Q

What plants contain Dimethyl disulfide?

A

Mustards

103
Q

What do large amounts of dimethyl disulfide cause?

A

Oxidation of RBCs to form heinz bodies which normally is prevented by glutathione

104
Q

What plants contain diterpene esters?

A 
Chenille plant, cat tail 
Croton
Candelabra "cactus"
Crown of thorns
Poinsettia 
Physic nut -- student touched!
105
Q

T/F Diterpene esters cause direct irritation of the skin and mucous membranes

A

True

106
Q

What plant did Joshua, a student, touch and have his eye swollen?

A

Physicnut - contains diterpene ester

107
Q

What plant contains Grayanotoxins?

A

Rhododendron, Azalea

108
Q

What plants bind to sodium channels in excitable cells (nerve, skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, CNS), increase permeability of sodium ions and depolarization?

A

Grayanotoxins containing plants -

Rhododendron, azalea

109
Q

What plants contain lectins (phytotoxins, toxalbumins)?

A

Castor bean

Precatory bean

110
Q

What plants have ricin and abrin (glycoproteins) that inhibit cellular protein synthesis resulting in cell death (GI mucosa, vascular endothelial, liver, cardiac, other tissue)

A

Castor bean
Precatory bean
Lectin containing plants

111
Q

What plant contains meliatoxins?

A

Chinaberry

112
Q

What is the MOA for chinaberry plants?

A

Enterotoxic, Neurotoxic

CNS and peripheral neuronal signs generally similar to nicotine poisoning

113
Q

What plants contain propyl disulfide?

A

Onion, garlic, shallots, chives, leek

114
Q

What does disulfides in onions, garlic, etc., produce and cause?

A

Produce oxygen fre radicals which cause damage to RBC membrane and hemolysis
Denaturing of hemoglobin resulting in heinz bodies

115
Q

What plants contain Tetradymol?

A

Horsebush - sunflower family

116
Q

What does Tetradymol in horse bush plants cause?

A

Liver damage, decrease eliminate of phylloerythrin, Photosensitization

117
Q

What species is most susceptible to tetradymol, horse bush plants?

A

Sheep

118
Q

What plants contain Thiaminase?

A

Horsetail

Bracken fern, brake fern

119
Q

What destroys thiamine in the diet and produces signs of thiamine (vitamin B1) deficiency in mono gastric animals?

A

Thiaminase containing plants

Horsetail, bracken fern, brake fern

120
Q

What plant could cause selenium, nitrate, phytoestrogen and triterpenoid saponin poisoning?

A

Alfalfa

121
Q

T/F. Resins or resinoids are easily melted or burned, soluble in water and insoluble in organic solvents, and lack nitrogen group

A

False - Insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents

122
Q

Glycoresisns are resins formed with ___ Oleoresins are resins formed with ___

A

Sugars

Essential oils

123
Q

What plants contain resins

A

Milkweed
Marijuana
Chinaberry

124
Q

What unclosed toxic plant causes hepatotoxicity and secondary photosensitization in horses only? also hepatic encephalopathy at large amounts?

A

Alsike clover and red clover

125
Q

What is cardiotoxic in goats, horses, rabbits, and caged birds and causes noninfectious mastitis and agalactica in cattle, horses, goats and rabbits?

A

Avocado

126
Q

What causes laminitis in horses from ingestion of fresh shavings made from heartwood (used as bedding)?

A

Black walnut

127
Q

What plants cause forage induced photosensitization?

A

Moldy alfalfa
Red clover
Moldy wheat

128
Q

What do grapes and raisins cause?

A

An unknown toxin causes acute renal failure only in dogs. must ingest 9oz-2lbs

129
Q

What do lily’s cause?

A

An unknown toxin causes nephrotoxicity only in cats

130
Q

What plant has an unknown toxin that causes renal tubular nephrosis in ruminants, pigs and horses?

A

Pigweed - redroot pigweed

131
Q

What plant has an unknown toxin in dried leaves which causes hemolytic anemia, hemoglo binemia, and heinz body formation in horses?

A

Red maple

132
Q

What plant has an unknown mycotoxin which causes skeletal muscle myopathy and cardiomyopathy?

A

Senna - Coffee senna

Sicklepod

133
Q

What plant causes a disease in horsed called equine nigropallidal encephalomalacia (ENE) or chewing disease?

A

Yellow star thistle

Russian knappweed

Toxicology (7 decks)

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