Nitrate Flashcards

1
Q

What factors favor plant nitrate accumulation?

A
Plant species
Content and form of nitrogen in soil
Soil conditions
Decreased light
Phenoxy acetic acid herbicides
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2
Q

What plant species have more nitrate accumulation?

A

Sweet clover
Alfalfa
Wheat
Corn

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3
Q

What soil conditions enhance nitrate uptake?

A
Rain/moisture
Acid said (low pH)
Low soil molybdenum
low Sulfur
low Phosphorus 
Low soil temp
soil aeration and drought
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4
Q

What does decrease light cause to increase nitrate accumulation in plants?

A

decreases nitrate reductase

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5
Q

What part of the plant has more nitrate accumulation?

A

Stalk > Leaves > seeds/flower

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6
Q

Do younger or older plants contain more nitrate?

A

Young plants

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7
Q

What other plants accumulate nitrate?

A
Pigweed
Oats
Beets
johnson grass, sudan grass, milo
Corn, maize
Lambs quarters
Sweet clover
Alfalfa
Wheat
Sunflower
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8
Q

What is sodium nitrite IV used for?

A

vasodilator

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9
Q

T/F. Nitrates are insoluble in water

A

False - they are soluble in water

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10
Q

T/F. Nitrate fertilizers are salty

A

True - makes them yummy!

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11
Q

How is nitrate converted to nitrite?

A

by nitrate reductase (microflora)

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12
Q

What is the LD50 for ruminants of nitrate?

A

0.5-1 g/kg

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13
Q

What species are most susceptible to nitrate poisoning?

A

Ruminants (rumen microflora)

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14
Q

What are horses very sensitive when it comes to nitrates?

A

IV nitrite

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15
Q

What species are resistant to nitrate?

A

Pigs

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16
Q

T/F. nitrate is more toxic than nitrite?

A

False - nitrite is 10x more toxic than nitrate

17
Q

T/F. Adult animals are more susceptible to nitrate toxicity

A

False - young animals are

18
Q

What disease state increases nitrate toxicity?

A

Anemia and methemoglobinemia

19
Q

Nitrate is reduced by the rumen microflora to nitrite, which is converted to _______, which is converted to amino acids and microbial proteins

20
Q

The rate of conversion of nitrite to ammonia is _____ than the rate of conversion of nitrate to nitrite in ruminants

21
Q

What does the slower conversion of nitrate to ammonia in ruminants lead to?

A

rapid absorption and conversion of hemoglobin to methemoglobin

22
Q

Death from anoxia (due to nitrate toxicity) occurs when methemoglobin reaches _____

23
Q

T/F. nitrate toxicity leads to direct vasoconstriction and hypertension

A

False, vasodilation and hypotension

24
Q

What clinical signs will you see with nitrate toxicity?

A

Sudden death
Rapid breathing, restlessness, apprehension, dyspnea, weaknees, ataxia, sternal recumbency, cyanosis, terminal convulsions, abortion

25
What is the specimen of choice to diagnose for nitrate in animals that have died for several hours?
Ocular fluid
26
What test could you do to see if animals have been intoxicated with nitrate?
Diphenylamine test
27
How would you treat nitrate toxicity?
Methylene blue 1% IV for ruminants and monogastrics except cats as a reducing agent Activated charcoal Ruminal lavage with cold water, antibiotics to inhibit rumen microflora and nitrate reductase