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Toxicology > Toxic Plants - 2 > Flashcards

Toxic Plants - 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the mechanism of action of anthraquinones

A
  • purgative
  • coffee weed causes skeletal and cardiac muscle degeneration
  • urine may be coffee colored due to myoglobinuria
  • horses usually die from liver failure
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2
Q

Describe the mechanism of action of calcinogenic glycoside

A
  • hypercalcemia
  • calcification of the elastic tissues of the arteries, tendons, and ligaments
  • increased density of bones causing lameness
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3
Q

Describe the mechanism of action of carboxyatractyloside

A
  • hepatotoxicity
  • excessive salivation
  • renal damage and hypoglycemia
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4
Q

Describe the mechanism of action of cardiac glycosides

A

cardiotoxic by inhibiting Na/K ATPase

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5
Q

Describe the mechanism of action of coumarin glycosides

A
  • form dicoumarol in spoiled plants
  • hemorrhage due to antagonism of vitamin K by inhibiting vitamin K epoxide reductase resulting in deficiency of coag factors II, VII, IX, and X
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6
Q

Describe the mechanism of action of cyanogenic glycosides

A
  • inhibition of cytochrome oxidase and inhibition of cellular respiration
  • vasoconstriction
  • inhibition of glycolysis
  • inhibition of citric acid cycle
  • irritation of mucus membranes
  • chronic: neuronal degeneration and antithyroid
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7
Q

Describe the mechanism of action of cycasin

A
  • causes GI irritation and liver damage
  • teratogenic, mutagenic, and carcinogenic
  • BMAA is neurotoxic
  • unknown toxin causes neuronal degeneration in CNS
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8
Q

What are the clinical signs of cycasin?

A
  • GI and liver disease, or ataxia and CNS
  • dogs show GI and liver damage
  • sheep show GI signs and weight loss
  • cattle show neuronal signs
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9
Q

Describe the mechanism of action of glucosinolate

A

antithyroid

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10
Q

Describe the mechanism of action of nitropropanol glycoside

A

inhibits enzymes of the krebs cycle and cellular oxidative phosphorylation

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11
Q

What are the clinical signs of nitropropanol glycoside?

A
  • respiratory and neurological signs in cattle and sheep (cracker heels or roaring)
  • horses and rodents show neurologic signs
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12
Q

Describe the mechanism of action of phytoestrogens

A

bind to estrogen receptors causing infertility

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13
Q

What are the clinical signs of phytoestrogens?

A
  • infertility in females

- decreased libido and feminization in males

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14
Q

Describe the mechanism of action of protoanemonin

A
  • a volatile oil released by hydrolysis of the glycoside

- causes severe irritation of GI mucosa and dermatitis

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15
Q

Describe the mechanism of action of ptaquiloside

A
  • death of the precursor cells in the bone marrow causing aplastic anemia in cattle and sheep
  • neoplasm in urinary tract causing enzootic bovine hematuria
  • tumors of the upper digestive tract and retinal degeneration in sheep
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16
Q

What are the clinical signs of ptaquiloside toxicosis?

A
  • aplastic anemia: anorexia, and hemorrhage

- enzootic hematuria: blood in urine, anemia, tachycardia, and death

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17
Q

Describe the mechanism of action of steroidal plants

A
  • liver damage and inability to eliminate phylloerythrin

- hepatogenic photosensitization

18
Q

Describe the mechanism of action of gossypol

A
  • cardiotoxic and secondary liver damage
  • reduces male fertility by destroying seminiferous tubules
  • protein malnutrition, inhibits enzymes, and interferes with hemglobin synthesis
19
Q

Describe the mechanism of action of molybdenum

A

causes signs of copper deficiency

- watery diarrhea, wasting, anemia, depigmentation, demyelination, osteoporosis

20
Q

Describe the mechanism of action of copper

A

liver damage, hemolysis, and methemoglobinemia

21
Q

Describe the mechanism of action of selenium

A

acute: GI irritation and respiratory signs
chronic: hoof and hair abnormalities

22
Q

Describe the mechanism of action of nitrate

A
  • GI irritation
  • formation of methemoglobin
  • resp insufficiency
  • abortion
23
Q

Describe the mechanism of action of dimethyl disulfide

A
  • 5-methyl cysteine sulfoxide is reduced by intestinal flora to dimethyl disulfide
  • large amounts cause oxidation of RBCs to form heinz bodies
24
Q

What are the clinical signs of dimethyl disulfide toxicosis?

A

anemia, depression, hemoglobinemia, hemoglobinuria, icterus, and cyanosis

25
Q

Describe the mechanism of action of diterpene esters

A
  • direct irritation of skin and mucus membranes

- activate protein kinase C resulting in cell damage and enzyme disfunction

26
Q

What are the clinical signs of diterpene ester toxicosis?

A
  • irritation and blistering of the skin and GI mucosa

- salivation, vomiting, and diarrhea

27
Q

Describe the mechanism of action of grayanotoxins

A
  • bind to sodium channels in nerves, skeletal muscles, cardiac muscles, and CNS
  • increase permeability of sodium ions
  • irritation of GI mucosa
28
Q

What are the clinical signs of grayanotoxins?

A
  • salivation, vomiting, colic, diarrhea
  • depression, tachycardia, tachypnea, seizures, fever
  • death due to aspiration pneumonia
29
Q

Describe the mechanism of action of lectins

A
  • ricin and abrin are glycoproteins

- inhibit cellular protein synthesis resulting in cell death

30
Q

What are the clinical signs of lectin toxicosis?

A

hemorrhagic gastroenteritis

31
Q

Describe the mechanism of action of meliatoxins

A

enterotoxic and neurotoxic

32
Q

What are the clinical signs of meliatoxins?

A
  • GI signs
  • CNS and peripheral neuronal signs
  • death from respiratory failure
33
Q

Describe the mechanism of action of propyl disulfide

A
  • disulfides produce oxygen free radicals which damage RBC membranes
  • also cause denaturation of hemoglobin resulting in heinz bodies
34
Q

What are the clinical signs of propyl disulfide toxicosis?

A

anorexia, tachycardia, ataxia, tachypnea, dyspnea, icterus, anion odor, and abortion

35
Q

Describe the mechanism of action of tetradymol

A
  • induction of microsomal enzymes

- liver damage that decreases elimination of phylloerythrin

36
Q

What are the clinical signs of tetradymol toxicosis?

A
  • anorexia, depression, incoordination, dyspnea, icterus, and head pressing
  • skin swelling, erythema, necrosis, and sloughing
37
Q

Describe the mechanism of action of thiaminase

A

destroys thiamine in the diet and produces signs of deficiency in monogastric animals
- neurotoxic

38
Q

Describe the mechanism of action of triterpenoid saponins

A

direct irritation of GI mucosa

39
Q

What are the clinical signs of triterpenoid saponin toxicosis?

A

salivation, anorexia, vomiting, diarrhea, colic, and hypothermia

40
Q

Describe the mechanism of action of resins or resinoids

A

irritation of the nervous or muscle tissue

Toxicology (9 decks)

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