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Toxicology > Common Household Products > Flashcards

Common Household Products Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the toxicokinetics of Ethanol/Methanol

A
  • readily absorbed orally
  • widely distributed in CNS
  • ethanol is metabolized by hepatic alcohol dehydrogenase to acetaldehyde, which is then converted to acetate
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2
Q

Describe the mechanism of action of/what is caused by Ethanol/Methanol

A
  • irritation of mucus membranes
  • CNS depression
  • acetaldehyde causes vasodilation and induces vomiting
  • acetate causes metabolic acidosis
  • ethanol inhibits ADH
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3
Q

What are the clinical signs of acute ethanol/methanol toxicosis?

A
  • rapid onset of CNS depression
  • abnormal behavior
  • vomiting and breath odor
  • hypothermia, tremors, and ataxia
  • congested mucus membranes
  • polydipsia and dehydration
  • death from respiratory failure
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4
Q

What are the clinical signs of chronic ethanol/methanol toxicosis?

A

kidney and liver damage

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5
Q

What lesions are seen with ethanol/methanol toxicosis?

A

GI mucosa, liver, kidney, and lung congestion

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6
Q

What are treatments for ethanol/methanol toxicosis?

A
  • emetics in recent ingestion and gastric lavage
  • charcoal not effective
  • supportive care
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7
Q

Describe the toxicokinetcs of propylene glycol toxicosis

A
  • rapidly absorbed from GI tract and by inhalation
  • metabolized in liver to lactaldehyde, then lactic acid, then pyruvic acid
  • partly excreted unchanged in urine
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8
Q

What are the clinical signs of propylene glycol toxicosis?

A
  • ataxia and CNS depression
  • heinz body anemia in cats
  • osmotic diuresis
  • muscle twitching seen in cats
  • metabolic acidosis
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9
Q

What are the treatments for propylene glycol toxicosis?

A
  • emesis and activated charcoal

- IV fluids and bicarbonate therapy

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10
Q

Describe the toxicokinetics of ethylene glycol toxicosis

A
  • rapidly absorbed from GIT
  • peak plasma level in 2 hours
  • metabolized to toxic metabolites in liver
  • oxalic acid binds to serum Ca to form insoluble Ca oxalate crystals and hypcalemia
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11
Q

Describe the mechanism of action of/what is caused by ethylene glycol toxicosis

A
  • direct GI irritation, increased serum osmolality, and CNS depression
  • metabolite causes metabolic acidosis and acute renal failure
  • CNS damage
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12
Q

What are the early signs of ethylene glycol toxicosis?

A
  • nausea/vomiting, anorexia, CNS depression, ataxia, hypothermia, muscle fasciculations, tachycardia, tachypnea, PU/PD, coma, death
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13
Q

What are the later signs of ethylene glycol toxicosis?

A
  • oliguric renal failure

- vomiting, anorexia, depression, lethargy, coma, seizures, oliguria, renal pain

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14
Q

What lesions are seen with ethylene glycol toxicosis?

A
  • hemorrhagic gastroenteritis
  • pulmonary edema
  • pale and swollen kidneys with grey or yellow streaks
  • yellow, birefringent rosette-shaped calcium oxalate crystals in kidney or urine
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15
Q

Treatments of ethylene glycol toxicosis

A
  • activated charcoal within 4 hours
  • inhibitors of alcohol dehydrogenase (Fomepizole, Ethanol)
  • fluid therapy and bicarbonate
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16
Q

What are the laboratory findings of ethanol/methanol toxicosis?

A

blood alcohol levels > 1-1.5

hypoglycemia

17
Q

What are the laboratory findings of propylene glycol toxicosis?

A
  • metabolic acidosis
  • hyperosmolarity
  • increased anion gap
  • hypoglycemia
  • low urine SG
  • heinz bodies in cats
18
Q

What are the laboratory findings of ethylene glycol toxicosis?

A
  • increased serum osmolality
  • increased anion gap
  • low urine SG
  • hypocalcemia
  • hyperglycemia
  • increased CREA and BUN
  • hyperphosphatemia, hyperkalemia
  • increased PCV and TP
19
Q

Describe the toxicokinetics of D-Limonene and other essential oils

A
  • absorbed through GI and skin
  • max blood concentration in 10 minutes
  • metabolized by liver and excreted in urine
20
Q

What are the clinical signs of D-Limonene/Essential oil toxicosis?

A
  • ataxia, weakness, paralysis
  • CNS depression, hypothermia, and hypotension
  • patient smells like lemons
21
Q

What are the treatments for D-Limonene/Essential oil toxicosis?

A
  • shampoo with mild dish soap
  • monitor temperature
  • supportive care
22
Q

Describe the mechanism of action of/what is caused by detergents and phenols

A
  • direct irritation of skin and mucus membranes

- phenols denature and lead to direct irritation causing coagulative necrosis

23
Q

What are the clinical signs of detergent and phenol toxicosis?

A
  • ingestion causes nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and colic
  • phenols may cause respiratory stimulation, ataxia, weakness, etc.
  • dermal exposure causes irritation
24
Q

What lesions are found with detergent and phenol toxicosis?

A
  • ulceration and necrosis of GI mucosa and skin

- liver and kidney changes (necrosis)

25
Q

What are the laboratory findings of detergents and phenol toxicosis?

A
  • hemolysis/methemoglobin
  • respiratory alkalosis
  • proteinuria and hematuria
  • elevated serum liver enzymes
26
Q

What are the treatments for detergent toxicosis?

A
  • non-ionic: rinse with water
  • anionic: water/milk for ingestion, activated charcoal, bathing for dermal
  • cationic: water/milk/egg white/charcoal, wash with soap and water
27
Q

What are the treatments for phenol toxicosis?

A
  • milk, egg whites followed by activated charcoal and saline cathartics
  • supportive care
28
Q

Describe the mechanism of action of bleach toxicosis

A
  • in stomach acid, forms hypochlorus acid which penetrates mucus membranes
  • gas causes severe respiratory and eye irritation
  • concentrated solutions are corrosive
29
Q

What are the treatments of bleach toxicosis?

A
  • milk, water, or Mg to neutralize stomach acid
  • wash with soap and water
  • supportive care
30
Q

Describe the toxicokinetics of xylitol toxicosis

A
  • absorbed incompletely from GIT
  • peak plasma levels 30 minutes
  • can be converted to glucose then glycogen by liver
31
Q

Describe the mechanism of action of xylitol toxicosis

A
  • promotes insulin release resulting in severe hypoglycemia

- large doses can cause liver failure

32
Q

What are the clinical signs of xylitol toxicosis?

A
  • hypoglycemia: weakness, ataxia, seizures

- lethargy, vomiting, liver failure, coagulopathy

33
Q

What are the laboratory findings of xylitol toxicosis?

A
  • hypoglycemia
  • ALT elevation
  • ALP, bilirubin, prolonged PT/PTT, thrombocytopenia, and hyperphosphatemia
34
Q

What are the treatments for xylitol toxicosis?

A
  • induce vomiting
  • 50% dextrose IV follow by infusion
  • high carbohydrate diet
  • fluid therapy
35
Q

Describe the toxicokinetics of methylxanthines

A
  • absorbed from GIT
  • widely distributed
  • metabolized by liver and undergo enterohepatic recycling
  • excreted in urine
36
Q

Describe the mechanism of action of/what is caused by methylxanthine toxicosis

A
  • inhibit phosphodiesterases and antagonize adenosine receptors
  • caffeine stimulates release of catecholamines
  • theobromine: greater cardiac stimulation
37
Q

What are the clinical signs of theophylline toxicosis?

A
  • nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, mild acidosis, and tachycardia
38
Q

What are the clinical signs of caffeine/theobromine toxicosis?

A
  • restlessness, hyperactivity, vomiting
  • tachycardia, weakness, ataxia, diarrhea, muscle tremors
  • convulsions, arrhythmias, muscle rigidity, seizures, death
39
Q

What are the treatments of methylxanthine toxicosis?

A
  • induce vomiting if early
  • activate charcoal
  • IV fluid therapy
  • meds for tremors and seizures
  • beta blockers for arrhythmias

Toxicology (9 decks)

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