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Toxicology > Toxic Plants - 1 > Flashcards

Toxic Plants - 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the mechanism of action of insoluble calcium oxalates

A
  • contain needle shaped calcium oxalate crystals that penetrate the oral mucosa, tongue, and throat, causing irritation
  • some species produce proteolytic enzymes which cause the release of histamine and kinins, increasing damage
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2
Q

Describe the mechanism of action of soluble oxalates

A

hypocalcemia and precipitation of insoluble calcium oxalates in soft tissues, and kidney damage

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3
Q

Describe the mechanism of action of isocupressic acids

A
  • vasoconstriction and decrease uterine blood flow which stimulates release of fetal cortisol and results in abortion
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4
Q

Describe the mechanism of action of quinones

A
  • primary photosensitization
  • due to presence of a photodynamic substance in the blood of animal and exposure to sunlight in predisposed animals
  • reactions in lightly pigmented or unpigmented areas of skin
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5
Q

Describe the mechanism of action of tannic acids

A
  • tissue damage including GI lesions and kidney damage
  • mainly GI and kidney damage in ruminants
  • mainly GI in monogastrics
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6
Q

What are the clinical signs of tannic acid toxicosis in ruminants?
In monogastrics?

A

R: constipation, brown urine, anorexia, depression, rumen atony
M: GI signs

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7
Q

Describe the mechanism of action of triterpene acids

A
  • liver damage and hepatogenic photosensitization
  • Lantadene A and B cause damage of bile canaliculi membranes and cholestasis
  • decreased elimination of phylloerythrin, which causes photosensitization
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8
Q

Which species are most susceptible and which are most resistant to triterpene acid toxicosis?

A
  • ruminants susceptible

- horses resistant

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9
Q

What are the clinical signs of triterpene acid toxicosis?

A
  • depression, anorexia, constipation, diarrhea

- icterus, photophobia, erythema, swelling, necrosis, and sloughing

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10
Q

Describe the mechanism of action of colchicine alkaloids

A
  • anti-mitotic by binding to tubulin and inhibiting spindle formation during cell division
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11
Q

What are the clinical signs of colchicine toxicosis?

A
  • stomatitis, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, GI hemorrhage
  • hypotension and cardiac arrhythmias
  • respiratory signs
  • renal and hepatic failure
  • seizure and neuronal signs
  • coagulopathies
  • myelosuppression
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12
Q

Describe the mechanism of action of diterpene alkaloids

A
  • competitive blockade of the nicotinic receptors at the muscle endplate
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13
Q

What are the clinical signs of diterpene alkaloid toxicosis?

A
  • sudden death in cattle

- muscle weakness, staggering, stiffness, bloating, collapse

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14
Q

What is the antidote for diterpene alkaloid toxicosis?

A

physostigmine or neostigmine

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15
Q

Describe the mechanism of action of ergot alkaloids

A
  • vasoconstriction and gangrene
  • uterine contraction
  • loss of hair and hooves
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16
Q

Describe the mechanism of action of indolizidine alkaloids

A
  • inhibit lysosomal enzymes essential for formation of glycoproteins
  • alteration of cellular function in brain and other organs
  • nitropropanol causes peripheral neuronal degeneration and respiratory signs
  • Se causes abnormal hoof and hair
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17
Q

What are the clinical signs of indolizidine alkaloid toxicosis?

A
  • neuronal signs, animal acts crazy

- depression, incoordination, ataxia, circling, abnormal behavior

18
Q

Describe the mechanism of action of lycorine

A
  • emetic and purgative

- bulb is most toxic

19
Q

What are the clinical signs of lycorine toxicosis?

A
  • anorexia, salivation, vomiting, diarrhea, and hypotension

- large amounts can cause muscle tremors and seizures

20
Q

Describe the mechanism of action of muscarinic alkaloids

A
  • stimulation of muscarinic cholinergic receptors

- CNS stimulation

21
Q

What is the antidote for muscarinic toxicosis?

A

atropine

22
Q

Describe the mechanism of action of piperidine alkaloids

A
  • nicotinic effects: ganglionic neuromuscular stimulation followed by blockade
  • prevents fetal movement resulting in birth defects
23
Q

What are the clinical signs of piperidine alkaloid toxicosis?

A
  • ataxia, incoordination, and birth defects
24
Q

Describe the mechanism of action of pyridine alkaloids

A
  • nicotine and lobeline act on nicotinic receptors
  • low doses cause depolarization
  • high doses cause blockade
25
Q

What are the clinical signs of pyridine alkaloid toxicosis?

A
  • rapid onset
  • excitation, salivation, lacrimation, vomiting, diarrhea and tachypnea
  • muscle twitching, weakness, and dyspnea
  • death due to resp failure
26
Q

Describe the mechanism of action of pyrrolizidine alkaloids

A
  • hepatotoxic
27
Q

Describe the mechanism of action of solanine and solanidine alkaloids

A
  • GI, CNS, respiratory, and cardiac
28
Q

Describe the mechanism of action of taxine alkaloids

A
  • cardiotoxic and GI
29
Q

Describe the mechanism of action of xanthine alkaloids

A
  • blocking adenosine receptors

- inhibiting phosphodiesterase

30
Q

What are the clinical signs of xanthine alkaloid toxicosis?

A
  • salivation, vomiting, colic, and diarrhea
  • CNS stimulation and seizures
  • muscle tremors
  • tachycardia and hypotension
  • urination
31
Q

Describe the mechanism of action of alsike clover and red clover

A
  • hepatotoxicity and sensitization in horses only
32
Q

What are the clinical signs of alsike clover and red clover toxicosis?

A

lacrimation, photophobia, erythema, pruritis, edema, and sloughing of skin

33
Q

Describe the mechanism of action of avocado

A
  • cardiotoxicity in goats, horses, rabbits, and birds

- mastitis and agalactica in cattle, horses, goats, and rabbits

34
Q

What is caused by black walnut toxicosis?

A

laminitis

35
Q

What is caused by grape and raisin toxicosis?

A
  • acute renal failure in dogs

- GI signs including vomiting

36
Q

What is caused by lily toxicosis?

A
  • nephrotoxicity in cats

- GI irritation in cats and dogs

37
Q

Describe the mechanism of action of pigweed toxicosis

A
  • acute nitrate poisoning causes methemoglobinemia
  • chronic nitrate poisoning causes abortion
  • soluble oxalates cause hypocalcemia and kidney damage
  • renal tubular nephrosis
38
Q

Describe the mechanism of action of red maple

A

hemolytic anemia, hemoglobinemia, and heinz body formation in horses

39
Q

Describe the mechanism of action of senna

A

myotoxin causes skeletal muscle myopathy and cardiomyopathy

- seeds are most toxic

40
Q

Describe the mechanism of action of yellow star thistle and russian knappweed

A
  • equine nigropallidal encephalomalacia or chewing disease

- toxins interact with dopamine transporter resulting in death of dopminergic neurons in the brain

41
Q

What are the clinical signs of yellow star thistle and russian knappweed toxicosis?

A

inability to eat or drink
drowsiness interrupted by excitation
dehydration

42
Q

What are the clinical signs of macadamia nut toxicosis?

A
  • weakness, depression, ataxia, tremors, hyperthermia, lameness, vomiting, colic, diarrhea, pale mucus membranes

Toxicology (9 decks)

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