Toxic plant principles - glycosides

Question 1

Anthraquinones MOA

Answer 1

purgative

*senna - skeletal and cardiac m. degeneration (coffee colored urine - myoglobinuria)

Question 2

Cardiac plants (3)

Answer 2

Foxglove, oleander, Christmas kallancho

Question 3

Phytoestrogens plant

Answer 3

Alfalfa

Question 4

Coumarin MOA

Answer 4

spoiled plants - antagonize Vitamin K

Tx- vitamin K1 supplements

Question 5

Ptaquiloside plant

Answer 5

Bracken fern

Question 6

Phytoestrogens MOA

Answer 6

bind estrogen receptors = infertility

Question 7

Ptaquiloside CS

Answer 7

enzootic hematuria - anemia, tachycardia, death

Question 8

Carboxyatractyloside MOA

Answer 8

hepatotoxicty = photosensitization and encephalopathy

Mechanical damage

Question 9

Carboxyatractyloside plant

Answer 9

Cocklebur

Question 10

Cycasin plants (3)

Answer 10

Sago palm, Cardboard palm, coontie

Question 11

Cyanogenic plants (4)

Answer 11

Wild cherry, Sorghum, Grass, Hydrangea (pictured)

Question 12

Calcinogenic plant

Answer 12

Day blooming Jessamine

Question 13

Ptaquiloside MOA

Answer 13

death of precursor cells = aplastic anemia

Neoplasia - urinary (enzootic bovine hematuria) or upper GI

Question 14

Calcinogenic MOA

Answer 14

Hypercalcemia - calcification of arteries, tendons and ligaments

increased density of bone

Question 15

How do horses die from anthraquinones

Why do I care

Answer 15

From liver failure

ddx of ionophores

Question 16

Cyanogenic MOA

Answer 16

damaged plants - release HCN - metabolized in liver to thiocyanates

Question 17

Nitropropanol plants (3)

Answer 17

Milkvetch (not pictured), locoweed, violet

Question 18

Glucosinolate MOA

Answer 18

antithyroid - decreases iodination

Question 19

Phytoestrogens CS

Answer 19

infertility and decreased libido

Question 20

Nitropropanol CS

Answer 20

resiratory (roaring) and neurological (cracker heels) signs

Question 21

Cardiac MOA

Answer 21

cardiotoxic - decreases Na and K atpase = accumulation of Ca in cells

GI irritation

Question 22

Glucosinolate plants (3)

Answer 22

Brassica (broccoli etc.), soybean, flax

Question 23

Protoanemonin plants (2)

Answer 23

Buttercup - anemone, clematis

Question 24

Cycasin CS

Answer 24

GI, Liver, ataxia, seizures

Question 25

Cyanogenic CS

Answer 25

Acute - decreases cytochronme oxidase and cellular respiration, vasoconstriction \*the cells are dysfunctional. not the blood or lungs Chronic - neurodefects, antithyroid effects

Question 26

Steroidal saponins plants (3)

Answer 26

Agave, dracaena (many types), cordyline

Question 27

Coumarin plant

Answer 27

Sweet clover

Question 28

Protanemonin MOA

Answer 28

volatile oil released by hydrolysis severe irritation and dermatitis

Question 29

Nitropropanol MOA

Answer 29

decreases enzymes of krebs cycle and cellular phosphorylation

Question 30

Anthraquinones plants (2)

Answer 30

Senna (coffeeweed), Aloe

Question 31

Steroidal saponins MOA

Answer 31

agave - liver damage (photosensitization) and GI Dracaena and cordyline - GI

Question 32

Cycasin MOA

Answer 32

3 toxins: - Glycoside: GI irritation, liver damage - BMAA: neurotoxic aa. - unknown: axonal degeneration in CNS