Toxic and Trace Elements

Question 1

Exposure to it is primarily respiratory or gastrointestinal.

Answer 1

Lead

Question 2

treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia

Answer 2

arsenic

Question 3

crytalline silver white ductile metal

Answer 3

aluminum

Question 4

is the most abundant metal in the earth’s crust
(~8%). It is always found combined with other elements such as oxygen, silicon, and fluorine.

Answer 4

Aluminum

Question 5

Iron overload states are collectively referred to as _______, whether or not tissue damage is present.

Answer 5

hemochromatosis

Question 6

second only to iron in importance as an essential trace element.

Answer 6

Zinc

Question 7

_____ and _____ are commonly found in fish and seafood, are considered relatively non-toxic.

Answer 7

arsenocholine
and arsenobetaine

Question 8

clumsiness, gait abnormalities, behavioral changes

Answer 8

lead

Question 9

acts as an acceptor and transporter of chromium if the
transferrin sites are saturated.

Answer 9

albumin

Question 10

approximately __ to
__ g of iron is in hemoglobin,

Answer 10

2 to 2.5

Question 11

arsenic is best detected by
____ due to the short half-life of arsenic in blood.

Answer 11

urine

Question 12

has been used to specifically designate a condition of iron overload as demonstrated by an increased serum iron and total iron-binding capacity (TIBC) or transferrin, in the absence of demonstrable tissue damage.

Answer 12

Hemosiderosis

Question 13

normal values of manganese

Answer 13

0.5 - 1 micrograms/L

Question 14

The bulk of mercury accumulated in the body is eliminated in approximately ____ days; however, organic forms of mercury can accumulate in brain and may take up to several years to be eliminated.

Answer 14

60

Question 15

The average daily intake is approximately __mg or more of cop-
per.

Answer 15

10

Question 16

Urine accounts for 95% of aluminum excretion with
___% eliminated in the bile.

Answer 16

2

Question 17

The estimated safe and adequate daily intake of chromium for adults is in the range of ______

Answer 17

50 to 200 μg/d

Question 18

may play a role as a prooxidant, contributing to lipid peroxidation, atherosclerosis, DNA damage, carcinogenesis, and neurodegenerative diseases.

Answer 18

Iron

Question 19

12th most abundant element in the earth’s crust, it is found in over 250 minerals, of which have commercial importance.

Answer 19

Manganese

Question 20

The exact mechanisms by which copper is absorbed and transported by the intestine are unknown, but an active transport mechanism at ___ concentrations and passive diffusion at ___ concentrations have been proposed.

Answer 20

low, high

Question 21

preferred specimen for chromium and cobalt

Answer 21

serum

Question 22

Absorbed lead is excreted primarily in ________ (76%) and feces (16%), and the remaining 8% is excreted in hair, sweat, nails, and others.

Answer 22

Urine

Question 23

soft, bluish white, highly malleable, and ductile. It is a poor conductor of electricity and heat and is resistant to corrosion.

Answer 23

Lead

Question 24

molybdenum is binded in this form of cofactor

Answer 24

molybdopterin

Question 25

____ copper accounts for about 10% of the total copper in the body.

Answer 25

hepatic

Question 26

Manganese toxicity resembles what disease

Answer 26

Parkinson’s

Question 27

is a hard, silvery white metal occurring
naturally as molybdenite, wulfenite, and powelite.

Answer 27

Molybdenum

Question 28

chelating agent in cadmium poisoning

Answer 28

EDTA

Question 29

mostly found in rbc

Answer 29

cadmium

Question 30

What metal may be used as a treatment for Wilson’s disease?

Answer 30

Zinc

Question 31

Chronic arsenic exposure has been
shown to cause _______.

Answer 31

blackfoot disease

Question 32

proteinuria

Answer 32

cadmium

Question 33

carry manganese to mithocondrial rich organs such as liver, pancreas, kidney, pituitary gland

Answer 33

beta-microglobulins

Question 34

An extreme
form of copper deficiency is seen in ____, with symptoms usually appear at the age of 3 months and death usually occurring by the age of 5.

Answer 34

Menkes disease

Question 35

is a single-gene homozygous recessive disorder leading to abnormally high Fe absorption, culminating in Fe overload. It causes tissue accumulation of iron, affects liver function, and often leads to hyperpigmentation of the skin.

Answer 35

Hereditary hemochromatosis

Question 36

The metal ion essential for the activity of xanthine oxidase and xanthine dehydrogenase is

Answer 36

Molybdenum

Question 37

21st most abundant element in earth’s crust

Answer 37

chromium

Question 38

In a normal physiological state, ____% of copper excretion is through the bile, with copper losses in the urine and sweat comprising approximately 2% of dietary intake.

Answer 38

98

Question 39

Immediate treatment of expected expo-
sure consists of lavage and use of _______ to reduce arsenic absorption.

Answer 39

activated charcoal

Question 40

used in dental amalgams, germicides, fungicides, latex gloves, fish

Answer 40

mercury

Question 41

In blood, molybdenum is extensively bound to ____ and RBC membranes.

Answer 41

α2-macroglobulin

Question 42

Al binds to variousligands in the blood and distributes to every organ, with highest concentrations ultimately found in _____ (~50% of the body burden) and lung tissues (~25% of the body burden).

Answer 42

bone

Question 43

Ceruloplasmin is an α2-globulin, and each 132,000 Da
molecular weight molecule contains __ atoms of copper.

Answer 43

6

Question 44

the copper content in human adult is

Answer 44

50-120 mg

Question 45

characterized by glucose intolerance, glycosuria, hypercholesterol-
emia, decreased longevity, decreased sperm counts, and impaired fertility.

Answer 45

chromium deficiency

Question 46

is vital to human health through its inclu-
sion in at least three enzymes: xanthine oxidase, aldehyde oxidase, and sulfite oxidase.

Answer 46

Molybdenum

Question 47

They are also found in consumer products such as antacids, astringents, buffered aspirin, food additives, cosmetics, and antiperspirants.

Answer 47

Aluminum

Question 48

one of only two elements that are liquid at room temperature and pressure.

Answer 48

mercury

Question 49

The white powder of ______ is odorless,
tasteless, and one of the most common poisons in human history.

Answer 49

arsenic trioxide

Question 50

an endemic cardiomyopathy that affects mostly children and women in childbearing age in certain areas in China, has been associated with selenium deficiency.

Answer 50

Keshan’s disease

Question 51

has been associated with cardio-
myopathy, skeletal muscle weakness, and osteoarthritis.

Answer 51

Se deficiency

Question 52

bluish white, lustrous metal that is stable
in dry air and becomes covered with a white coating when exposed to moisture.

Answer 52

ZInc

Question 53

binds newly absorbed chromium in site B

Answer 53

transferrin

Question 54

cadmium is found
mostly (70%) in the ____.

Answer 54

RBCs

Question 55

is the major storage organ after elemental or inorganic mercury exposure.

Answer 55

kidney

Question 56

About __% of
ingested cadmium is excreted in the feces due to the low
absorbance of cadmium from the gut.

Answer 56

90

Question 57

arsenic is best detected in what specimen

Answer 57

urine

Question 58

elevated B2 macroglobulin levels

Answer 58

chromium