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APUSH > Toward The Civil War And Reconstruction (1845-1877) > Flashcards

Toward The Civil War And Reconstruction (1845-1877) Flashcards

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0
Q

Whigs

A

Very similar to democrats
Stood for a policy of internal improvements: building bridges, dredging harbors, digging canals, and civilizing the lands the US already possessed
Dominated New England

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1
Q

James Polk

A

Elected 1844 - democrat
Wanted to restore the practice of keeping government funds in the Treasury (Jackson kept them in “pet banks”)
Reduce tariffs
Expansionist - canada and southwest Mexican territory

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2
Q

Democrats mid-1800s

A

Tended to be expansionists
Felt it wasn’t the governments place to do anything with newly added land, and it should instead be kept in private hands
Dominated the south

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3
Q

Oregon Treaty

A

Signed with Great Britain 1846
Allowed the US to acquire peacefully what is now Oregon, Washington, and parts of Idaho, Wyoming and Montana
Established the current northern border of the region

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4
Q

Causes of conflict with Mexico

A

Polk tried buying the Southwest from Mexico, failed. Then challenged Mexican authorities on the border of Texas, provoking a Mexican attack on American troops
Mexico already agitated from annexation of Texas in 1836

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5
Q

Civilian concerns regarding Mexican-American war

A

Northerners feared that new states in the west would become slave states, this tipping the balance of congress
Opponents argued that Polk provoked Mexico into war at the request of powerful slaveholders

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6
Q

Slave Power

A

Rich southerners who the northerners believed were controlling the government during the Mexican-American war
Suspicions raised with gag rule of 1836

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7
Q

Wilmot Proviso

A

Congressional bill prohibiting the extension of slavery into any territory gained from Mexico
Defeated - raised suspicion about Slave Power, vote fell along sectional lines rather than party lines

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8
Q

Splitting of the Whig party

A

Split into 2 sections
Northern, antislavery “Conscience Whigs”
Southern, pro-slavery “Cotton Whigs”
Resulted in the party’s extinction

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9
Q

Free-Soil Party

A

Regional, single-issue part devoted to the goals of the Wilmot Proviso (prohibiting extension of slavery in new territories)

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10
Q

Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo

A

1848
Ended the Mexican-American war and handed over almost all of the modern southwest: Arizona, New Mexico, California, Nevada, and Utah (MEXICAN CESSION)
US paid $15 million for the land

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11
Q

Problem caused by Mexican cession

A

Territory in slavery boundaries wasn’t suited for plantation agriculture, so slavery wasn’t needed and died out. Southerners saw a future in which slavery was confined to the southeastern quarter rather than the southern half

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12
Q

Popular sovereignty

A

The territories themselves would decide, by vote, whether to allow slavery within their borders
Definition so vague that different territories interpreted it differently

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13
Q

Stephen Douglas

A

Democrat who, along with Henry Clay, wrote the compromise of 1850
Broke the package down into separate bills so they could be passed in congress since different states wanted different things

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14
Q

Compromise of 1850

A

Admitted California as a free state
Stronger fugitive slave law - required northern states to cooperate with retrieval and caused conflict
Created the territories of Utah and New Mexico, but left the status of slavery open to each territory
Abolished the slave TRADE, not slavery itself, in Washington DC

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15
Q

Uncle Tom’s Cabin

A

Nobel by Harriet Beecher Stowe
Damning depictions of plantation life based on information provided by her abolitionist friends
Played on people’s sympathies to avoid political preaching
Awakened the antislavery movement to those who hadn’t given it much thought

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16
Q

Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854

A

Settlers in Kansas and Nebraska territories found no established civil authority
Stephen Douglas formulates and ushered through congress a law that left the fate of slavery up to residents without specifying how or when they would decide
Repealed the Missouri compromise by opening up the territories to slavery

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17
Q

Personal liberty laws

A

Passed in the north in response to the Kansas-Nebraska act
Weakened fugitive slave laws by requiring a trial by jury for all alleged fugitives and guaranteed them a right to a lawyer
Infuriated southerners

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18
Q

Collapse of the Whigs

A

Kansas-Nebraska act caused anti-slavery Whigs to join northern democrats and free-soilers to form a new party, the republicans

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19
Q

Republican Party

A

Dedicated to keeping slavery out of the territories
Championed a wide range of issues, including the further development of national railroads, more liberal land distribution to the west, and increased protective tariffs

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20
Q

Know-Nothing Party

A

AKA the American party
Met privately and remained secret about their political agenda
Rallied around a single issue: hatred of foreigners
Grew quickly and dominated state legislatures
Already ugly anti-foreigners propaganda
Self-destructed to to northern and southern Whigs disagreeing over slavery

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21
Q

Nativism

A

Hatred of foreigners

Against any immigration

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22
Q

Border ruffians

A

Proslavery Missourians who temporarily relocated in Kansas just prior to the election for Kansas’ legislature, resulting in rival constitutions beings sent to Washington: an anti-slavery one from Topeka and a pro-slavery one from lecompton
President pierce recognized the Lecompton constitution

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23
Q

John brown

A

Led a raid on a proslavery camp after proslavery forces began using president Pierce’s recognition of a proslavery constitution to expel free-soilers
Killed 5, started a war between the gangs of each side

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24
Q

Bleeding Kansas

A

Period before the civil war
Conflict between proslavery and anti-slavery forces
More than 200 people died
Started by John brown’s raid

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25
Q

Andrew Butler and Charles Sumner

A

Butler: a proslavery senator who savagely beat abolitionist Charles sumner on the head with a cane for a speech in which sumner attacked the south and butler used lewd metaphors about slavery

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26
Q

James Buchanan

A

Elected 1856
Had been out of the country for the previous 4 years and blamed president pierce and the Kansas-Nebraska act for the chaos
Tried to maintain the status quo
Worked to enforce the fugitive slave act and opposed abolitionist activism

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27
Q

Dred Scott v. Sanford

A

Dred Scott declared himself a free slave when his master took him to free territory
Scott won the case, then lost the appeal, and the case wound up at the Supreme Court where he lost
Roger Taney declared that slaves were property, not citizens, and that no black person could ever be a citizen of the United States. Argued they couldn’t sue in federal court, and that congress couldn’t regulate slavery in the territories
Nullified the Missouri compromise and Kansas-Nebraska act, and ruled out any hope of reviving the Wilmot proviso

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28
Q

Lincoln-Douglas debates

A

For the Illinois senate seat
Gained national attention in part because of the railroad and telegraph
Stephen Douglas was the leading democrat in the senate, and Lincoln was a Whig opposed to the Mexican war and Kansas-Nebraska act
Gave voice to issues and concerns that divides a nation heading for the civil war
Lincoln delivered his “House divided” speech

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29
Q

Freeport doctrine

A

Douglas destroyed his political career by trying to depict Lincoln as an abolitionist, but Lincoln backed Douglas into a corner am when he pushed him to reconcile popular sovereignty with the Dred Scott decision. Douglas said slavery couldn’t exist where local laws didn’t protect it. He alienated both northern and southern voters

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30
Q

Harpers ferry raid

A

John brown hopes to spark a slave revolt in 1859 but failed
Executed -> news spread that brown had received financial backing from northern abolitionist organizations
Brown became a martyr for the cause

31
Q

Election of 1860

A

Northern democrats backed Douglas
Southern democrats backed jog Breckinridge
Lincoln vs. Douglas in north
John bell defeated Breckinridge in south
Lincoln didn’t even appear on southern ballots
North held majority of electoral votes and Lincoln won

32
Q

Crittendon Compromise

A

Created by southern leaders who wanted to maintain the union in an attempt to negotiate
All hope lost when Lincoln refused to soften the republican demand that slavery not be extended to the territories

33
Q

Confederate states of America

A

December 1860 South Carolina seceded from the union
Within 6 months other states joined
Chose Jefferson Davis to lead

34
Q

Fort Sumner

A

Lincoln decided to maintain control of federal forts in the south while waiting for the confederacy to make a move
April 12, 1861 it did, attacking the fort
No casualties
First battle of the civil war

35
Q

Border States

A

Slave states that fought for the union

Missouri, Kentucky, Maryland, and Delaware

36
Q

Jefferson Davis

A

President of the confederacy during the civil war
Forced the south to compensate quickly for what it had lost when it cut itself off from northern commerce
Imposed taxes to spur industrial and urban growth
Suspended habeas corpus
Inflation - couldn’t get to the norths level

37
Q

Confederate conscription

A

Worsened poverty - men couldn’t tend to fields
Created class conflict - the wealthy could hire surrogates to take their place in the war
Ultimately led to widespread desertions from the confederate army

38
Q

Union during civil war

A 
Boosted economy, slight inflation
War profiteering
Widespread corruption
Workers formed unions for job security
Increase in federal government power
39
Q

National currency

A

Ordered by Lincoln during the civil war

First to do so

40
Q

Greenbacks

A

Government-issued paper money
That was a precursor to modern currency
Issued by Lincoln’s secretary of the treasury salmon p. chase

41
Q

Radical Republicans

A

Wanted immediate emancipation
Introduced the confiscation acts
Civil war era

42
Q

Confiscation acts

A

Proposed by radical republicans
Gave the government the right to seize any slaves used for “insurrectionary purposes”
Allow the government to liberate any slave owned by someone who supported the rebellion, even if that support was limited to paying taxes to the confederate government
Essentially gave the union the right to free all slaves
Lincoln refused to enforce it

43
Q

Advantages of freeing slaves for the union

A

Kept Britain and France out of the war

Provide a new source of troops for the union side - dared not make the move until after northern victory (Antietam)

44
Q

Emancipation proclamation

A

Issues after northern victory at Antietam
Freed no slaves - stated that I January 1, 1863 the government would liberate all slaves residing in those states still “in rebellion” (the confederacy)
Didn’t liberate slaves in border states or southern counties already under control of the union army
Allowed southern states to rejoin the union without giving up slavery

45
Q

Thirteenth amendment

A

Prohibited slavery
Lincoln offered a 5-year delay on implementing the amendment if it passed and $400 million to compensate slave owners - but Jefferson Davis refused to compromise

46
Q

Election of 1864

A

Popular opinion in north and south wanted to end the war

Lincoln v. General George McClellan

47
Q

Copperheads

A

Northerners who accused Lincoln of instigating a national social revolution and criticized his administrations policies as a thinly disguised attempt to destroy the south

48
Q

New York City during the civil war

A

Most violent area of opposition to the war
Racial, ethnic and class antagonisms exploded into draft riots in July of 1863
Immigrants fearful that freed slaves would be job competition

49
Q

Freedman’s Bureau

A

Established by the government to help newly liberated blacks establish a place in post-war society
Provided food and housing, and developed social institutions & schools
First federal social welfare program
Terribly underfunded - had little impact once military reconstruction came to an end

50
Q

Sherman’s March to the Sea

A

Atlanta to the Atlantic
Ravaged the south, union army burned everything in it’s wake to destroy confederate moral and deplete the souths material resources
Foreshadowed wide-scale warfare of the 20th century

51
Q

Reconstruction

A

Time period: 1865-1877, from the end of the civil war to the end of military reconstruction when the union army withdrew from the south
Process: re admitting southern states, reconstructing and rebuilding southern towns, and integrating newly freed blacks into American society (most difficult)

52
Q

Ten-Percent Plan

A

Lincoln’s plan for reconstruction
Required 10% of those voters who had voted in the 1860 election to swear an oath of allegiance to the union and accept emancipation through the 13th amendment
Would reorganize their state government and reapply for admission into the union
No provisions for black suffrage

53
Q

Radical Republicans

A

Viewed the southern states as “conquered territory” and as such were under the jurisdiction of congress, not the president. Thought Lincoln’s plan was too lenient and argued for the Wade-Davis bill

54
Q

Wade-Davis Bill

A

1864 plan for reconstruction
Provided that former confederate states would be ruled by a military government and required 50% of the electorate to swear an oath of allegiance to the United States. A state convention would then be organized to repeal their ordinance of secession and abolish slavery within their state.
No provisions for black suffrage
Pocket-vetoed and destroyed by Lincoln

55
Q

Andrew Johnson

A

VP and successor of Lincoln
Southern democrat
Opposed secession and strongly supported Lincoln during his first term

56
Q

Johnson’s Reconstruction Plan

A

Called for the creation of provisional military governments to run the states until they were re admitted to the union. It also requires all southern citizens to swear a loyalty oath before receiving amnesty for the rebellion. Barred many of the former southern elite from taking that vow, thus prohibiting their participation in the new governments. Provisional governments would hold a state constitutional convention and write new constitutions eliminating slavery and renouncing secession.
Didn’t work - johnson pardoned the southern elite
Johnson refused to compromise - ended reconstruction

57
Q

New southern state constitutions

A

Only made slight revisions
Passed new black codes limiting freedman’s rights to assemble and travel, instituting curfews, and requiring blacks to carry special passes. Took old slave codes and replaced the word slaves with freedmen

58
Q

Division of Congress during Reconstruction

A

Conservative republicans: agreed with Johnson’s plan
Moderates: large enough to swing a vote in one direction or the other
Radical republicans: wanted to extend democracy in the south and wanted to punish the south for seceding

59
Q

Special Field Order No. 5

A

General Sherman issues it
Land seized from the confederates was to be redistributed among the new freedmen, but president Johnson rescinded Sherman’s order
Giving freedman “40 acres and a mule”

60
Q

Congressional reconstruction

A

Drawn up by republicans in response to Johnson’s inability to compromise
Fourteenth amendment, military reconstruction act of 1867, limited presidents power

61
Q

Fourteenth Amendment

A
  1. All people born in the US are automatically citizens of the state in which they reside
  2. Prohibited states from depriving citizens of “life, liberty, or property without due process”
  3. Prevented states from denying citizens “equal protection of the law”
  4. Gave states the choice to give freedmen the right to vote or not count them among their voting population for congressional appointment
  5. Excused the confederacy’s war debt
62
Q

Swing Around the Circle speaking tour

A

Andrew Johnson campaigned against the fourteenth amendment and lost

63
Q

Military Reconstruction Act of 1867

A

Imposed martial law on the South
Called for new state constitutional conventions and forces the states to allow blacks to vote for convention delegates
Required each state to ratify the fourteenth amendment and to send it’s new constitution to congress for approval

64
Q

Impeachment proceedings against Andrew Johnson

A

Supposedly for violating the Tenure of Office Act - Johnson fires Secretary of War Edwin Stanton
But really because he was getting in the way of reconstruction
Acquitted by one vote, but rendered him politically impotent

65
Q

Ulysses S. Grant

A

Succeeded Johnson
Allowed congress to forge ahead with reconstruction
Had a corrupt and scandalous administration that he was supposedly unaware of
Had no political experience

66
Q

Fifteenth amendment

A

Proposed in 1869
Required states to enfranchise black men
Only passed because southern states were required to ratify it as a condition of re entry to the union

67
Q

Successes of reconstruction

A

All southern men could vote
Public schools and social institutions built
Stimulated industrial and rail development through loans, grants, and tax exemptions
Blacks serving in southern government

68
Q

Failures of reconstruction

A

Economic plans cost a lot of money, leading to high tax rates that turned public opinion
Opponents waged a propaganda war
Many who participated in reconstruction were corrupt (both northerners and southerners)
War of intimidation began
Did nothing to redistribute the souths wealth or guarantee that freedmen would own property

69
Q

Ku Klux Klan

A

Focused on murdering freedmen

Secretive terrorist group

70
Q

White League

A

Openly operating parliamentary force who focused on murdering republicans

71
Q

Slaughter-House cases

A

Court ruled that the 14th amendment applies only to the federal government
Cleared the way for grandfather clauses, poll taxes, literary tests, property requirements, and other restrictions

72
Q

Redeemers

A

Southern democrats who regained control of most of the regions state legislatures by 1876
Intended to reverse republican reconstruction policies as they returned to power

73
Q

Compromise of 1877

A

Agreement that if Rutherford B. Hayes won the 1876 election against Samuel J. Tilden, he would end military reconstruction and pull federal troops out of South Carolina and Louisiana, thereby enabling democrats to regain control of those states

74
Q

Share cropping

A

Blacks traded a portion of their crop in return for the right to work someone else’a land
Worked at first, but unscrupulous landowners eventually used the system as a means of keeping poor farmers in a state of near slavery and debt

75
Q

Great Migration

A

Movement of blacks from the south to northern cities like Chicago and Detroit when reconstruction ended

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