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APUSH > The 17th & Early 18th Centuries (1600-1750) > Flashcards

The 17th & Early 18th Centuries (1600-1750) Flashcards

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0
Q

How many native Americans were there at the time of Columbus’s arrival?

A

1-5 million in modern Canada and USA

20 million in Mexico

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1
Q

What is the Bering Strait?

A

The thin body of water separating North America from Asia where a land bridge used to be. This land bridge was how the ancestors of Native Americans came to the Americas.

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2
Q

What were some urban Native American cultures?

A

Pueblo people - multistory stone houses

Mississippi culture - huge mounds

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3
Q

What is the significance of 1492?

A

The year Columbus came to the Americas

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4
Q

What was the Colombian exchange?

A

When Europe sustained contact with the Americas and introduced a widespread exchange of plants, animals, foods, communicable ideas, and diseases.

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5
Q

What differentiated Columbus from other Norse explorers?

A

He arrived at a time when Europe had the resources and technology to establish colonies far from home.

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6
Q

What was the reason Europeans usually won in conflicts with native Americans?

A

disease

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7
Q

What was the encomienda system?

A

Colonists were obligated to protect natives and convert them to Catholicism in exchange for their labor.

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8
Q

What victory made England and France’s colonization much easier?

A

England’s defeat of the powerful Spanish Armada

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9
Q

Sir Walter Raleigh & the Lost Colony

A

Englishman who sponsored a settlement on Roanoke island - first attempt of English to settle in 1587 - disappeared by 1590, “lost colony”

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10
Q

Jamestown

A

First successful English colony settled in 1607.

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11
Q

Virginia company

A

Joint-stock company who bought the right to establish New World plantations from the king & funded Jamestown

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12
Q

Jamestown settlers

A

Ill-suited for adjustments - more interested in gold than crops. Half were dead of starvation or disease in the first three months

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13
Q

Reason Jamestown survived

A

Ships kept arriving with new colonists - too many people dying

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14
Q

Captain John Smith

A

Decreed that “he who will not work shall not eat” - improved Jamestown for a time

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15
Q

Powhatan confederacy

A

Supplied Jamestown with food

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16
Q

“The Starving Time”

A

Winter of 1609-1610. Nearly 90% of residents perished, resorted to cannibalism.

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17
Q

John Rolfe

A

Married Pocahontas, briefly easing tensions between natives and settlers. Pioneered tobacco growth as a cash crop for export - brightened prospects of English settlement.

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18
Q

Biggest cash crop in early settlement?

A

Tobacco

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19
Q

Chesapeake

A

Area around Jamestown, named after the bay - now comprises Maryland and Virginia.

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20
Q

Indentured servitude

A

Promised 7 years’ labor for free passage to the new world, also received a small piece of property with their freedom, enabling them to survive and vote

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21
Q

Right to vote in early settlement

A

Tied to ownership of property, men only

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22
Q

Headright system

A 
Added 1618 by the virginia company
Headright: Tract of land about 50 acres
Men already settled got 2 headlights, new settlers got 1
Basis for an emerging aristocracy
Infringed upon rights of natives
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23
Q

House of Burgesses

A

Established 1619

Any property-holding white male could vote - all decisions made must be approved by virginia company

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24
Q

French colonization

A

Quebec City founded 1608
French Jesuit priests tried to teach Roman Catholicism
Light impact on natives compare to England and Spain

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25
Q

Edict of Nantes

A

1598 - provided for religious tolerance of Huguenots (French Protestants) who might otherwise have fled like puritans to the new world - ruined Frances chance for domination

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26
Q

Spain Native American relations

A

Conquered and enslaved inhabitants, missionary efforts, many had children with native women –> mestizos

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27
Q

France’s relations with native Americans

A

Friendly - allied and adopted native practices

Little choice - settlements too far apart to lose any threat to natives

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28
Q

Netherlands Native American relationship

A

Tried building trading empire - taken over by English

Founded new Amsterdam –> New York City

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29
Q

England Native American relations

A

Excluded natives as much as possible

Intermixing bw settlers and natives rare

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30
Q

Wars of extermination

A

English realized conflict was inevitable - got rid of tribes, Powhatan confederacy destroyed by “Indian fighters” in 1640s

31
Q

Separatists

A

Puritan group who thought the Church of England was so incapable of being reformed that they had to abandon it - left England in the 16th century

32
Q

Puritanism

A

Protestant movement - desired to purify the Anglican Church of Roman Catholic practices - persecuted by English monarchs

33
Q

Mayflower compact

A

Agreement that the pilgrims signed on board the mayflower establishing a “body politic” and a basic legal system for the colony of Plymouth
Created legal authority and an assembly
Asserted that the governments power derives from the consent of the governed and not from god

34
Q

Tisquantum (Squanto)

A

Native American who spoke English - became the pilgrims’ interpreter and taught them how to plant

35
Q

Massachusetts Bay

A

Large and powerful colony establish 1629 by Congregationalists - began the great Puritan migration

36
Q

Congregationalists

A

Puritans who wanted to reform the Anglican Church from within

37
Q

The Great Puritan Migration

A

1629-1642 led by John Winthrop - Massachusetts Bay developed along Puritan ideals

38
Q

Governor John Winthrop

A

Led the Great Puritan Migration - urged colonists of Massachusetts Bay to be a “city on a hill” - model for others to look up to

39
Q

Religion of colonists at Massachusetts Bay

A

Calvinists - dictated their daily lives

40
Q

Roger Williams

A

Minister in the Salem bay settlement
Encouraged separation of church and state
Banished by puritans - showed religious intolerance
Moved to Rhode Island and formed a new colony

41
Q

Anne Hutchinson

A

Proponent of antinomianism - belief that faith and gods grace, as opposed to the observance of moral law and performance of good deeds, suffice to earn one a place among the elect
Challenged Puritan beliefs and authority of the clergy
Intelligent, well-educated woman in a patriarchal society
Tried for heresy, convicted and banished

42
Q

Oliver Cromwell’s English reign

A

1649-1660 Puritan immigration to New England came to a near-halt
Ruled England as a republic - best known and respected Puritan leader
Represented culmination of English civil wars, which the puritans won

43
Q

Interregnum

A

“Between Kings”
Puritans had little motive to come to the new world - started again with restoration of the Stuarts
Brought republican ideals with them

44
Q

Pequot War

A

Pequots attacked settlement –> Massachusetts bay colony members retaliated and resulted in near destruction of the pequots

45
Q

Proprietorships

A

Many colonies owned by one person who received the land as a gift from the king (Connecticut, Maryland, New York, New Jersey)

46
Q

Act of Toleration

A

1649 in Maryland

Protected religious freedom of most Christians - couldn’t stop bloody religious civil war

47
Q

Conflict with Dutch over New York

A

1664 King Charles II waged war against Dutch republic and sent naval force to capture new Netherland. Dutch surrendered peacefully and allowed to stay on generous terms

48
Q

Founding of Pennsylvania

A

William Penn, a Quaker, granted the land from King Charles II - friendship despite Anglican belief that Quakers were dangerous radicals
One of the fastest growing early colonies
Attracted tribes and European settlers

49
Q

Carolina

A

1729 split into North Carolina (settled by Virginians) and South Carolina (settled by descendants of Englishmen who colonized Barbados)
Barbados used slaves to export sugar –> slave era in the colonies

50
Q

Geography relating to settlement motives

A

Northern colonies: established for religious reasons

Southern colonies: established for commercial gain

51
Q

William penn

A

Quaker who founded Pennsylvania

52
Q

When/how did US slavery begin?

A

Colonists from the Caribbean settled in the Carolinas. As tobacco and rice growing increased more laborers were needed (in addition to indentured servants and enslaved native Americans)

53
Q

Why was enslaving native Americans difficult?

A

They knew the land and could escape & hide easily
Cultivation was considered women’s work - gender obstacle
European disease wiped out 85-95%

54
Q

Bicameral legislature

A

Practiced by all colonies except Pennsylvania
Modeled after British parliament
Lower house like HOR - directly elected members
Upper house made of appointees - directors to the governor - chosen from local population

55
Q

New England Confederation

A

Colonists made effort toward centralized government
No real power
Offered advice to northeastern colonists

56
Q

Bacons Rebellion

A

1676 Western Virginia
Nathaniel Bacon demanded that Governor William Berkeley let him raise a militia and attack nearby natives for farmland - said no
Lashed out against natives anyway then sacked and burned Jamestown
Early example of populist uprising

57
Q

King Philips War

A

Wampanoag Indians led by Metacomet (King Philip) attacked white settlements in retaliation to attempt to blot out Native American life
Allied with two other tribes
Eventually fell apart - natives made slaves

58
Q

Stono Uprising / Cato Rebellion

A

First slave rebellion, 1739
Few escapade slaves liberated many others
Went to Florida hoping for freedom
Killed or executed later
Colonies passed more restrictive slave laws & fear increased

59
Q

Salem Witch Trials

A

1692
Not the first witch trials in New England
More than 130 witches jailed or executed
Caused by many religious, economic and gender factors
Ended when teenage girls accused prominent citizens of consorting with the devil - turned leadership against them

60
Q

Dominion of New England

A

English government attempt to clamp down on illegal trade
Massachusetts’ charter had been revoked, its assemblies dissolved, and governor granted power of an absolute monarch
Ended with glorious revolution

61
Q

Glorious Revolution

A

William and Mary replace James II
Massachusetts became a royal colony
Suffrage extended to all Protestants - weakened Puritan primacy

62
Q

King Williams War / the War of the League of Augsburg

A

War against French and natives on the Canadian border

Heightened regional anxieties

63
Q

Puritan fears in the late 1600s

A

Suffrage extended to all Protestants - no longer just puritans, weakened Puritan primacy
Religion being undermined by commercialism
New generations lacked fervor of previous puritans

64
Q

Halfway Covenant

A

Changed the rules governing Puritan baptisms

Baptized all children whose parents were baptized

65
Q

Great Awakening

A

Wave of religious revivalism in 1730s & ’40s
Prior to, people were generally less religious
Response of devout people to the Enlightenmenty

66
Q

Jonathan Edwards

A

Great Awakening
Preach the severe, predeterminate doctrines of Calvinism
Graphic depictions of Hell

67
Q

George Whitefield

A

Great Awakening
Preached Christianity based on emotionalism and spirituality - evangelism
Native of England - affected by Enlightenment

68
Q

Benjamin Franklin

A

Typified Enlightenment ideals in America
Wealthy printer
Poor Richard’s Almanac
Pioneered electricity
Invented bifocals, the lighting rod, and the franklin stove
Founded colonies’ first fire department, post office, and public library
Ambassador in Europe

69
Q

Population Growth 1700-1750

A

250,000 —> 1,250,000

Scotch-Irish, Scots, and Germans started arriving in 18th century, plus more English settlers

70
Q

Where did the vast majority of colonists live in the 17th and early 18th centuries?

A 
Rural areas
Labor divides among gender lines
Patriarchal
Work over education
Women had few rights
71
Q

Where were conditions worst from 1600-1750?

A 
Cities - most immigrants settled there
Work paid too little
Poverty widespread
Primitive sanitary conditions
Epidemics common
72
Q

Early New England society

A

Centered on trade
Boston - major port city
Farmed for subsistence, not trade
Rigid Puritanism

73
Q

Early middle colonies society

New York, Pennsylvania, New Jersey

A

Fertile land, focus on farming
“Bread colonies” - exported grains
Heterogeneous population

74
Q

Early lower south society (Carolinas)

A

Concentrated on cash crops (tobacco and rice)
Slavery had a major role
Blacks up to half of population

75
Q

Early Chesapeake society (Maryland and Virginia)

A 
Combined features of middle colonies and lower south
Slavery & tobacco
Also farmed grain
Diversified economies
Developed major cities

APUSH (6 decks)

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