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APUSH > The 17th & Early 18th Centuries (1600-1750) > Flashcards

The 17th & Early 18th Centuries (1600-1750) Flashcards

0
Q

How many native Americans were there at the time of Columbus’s arrival?

A

1-5 million in modern Canada and USA

20 million in Mexico

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1
Q

What is the Bering Strait?

A

The thin body of water separating North America from Asia where a land bridge used to be. This land bridge was how the ancestors of Native Americans came to the Americas.

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2
Q

What were some urban Native American cultures?

A

Pueblo people - multistory stone houses

Mississippi culture - huge mounds

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3
Q

What is the significance of 1492?

A

The year Columbus came to the Americas

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4
Q

What was the Colombian exchange?

A

When Europe sustained contact with the Americas and introduced a widespread exchange of plants, animals, foods, communicable ideas, and diseases.

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5
Q

What differentiated Columbus from other Norse explorers?

A

He arrived at a time when Europe had the resources and technology to establish colonies far from home.

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6
Q

What was the reason Europeans usually won in conflicts with native Americans?

A

disease

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7
Q

What was the encomienda system?

A

Colonists were obligated to protect natives and convert them to Catholicism in exchange for their labor.

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8
Q

What victory made England and France’s colonization much easier?

A

England’s defeat of the powerful Spanish Armada

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9
Q

Sir Walter Raleigh & the Lost Colony

A

Englishman who sponsored a settlement on Roanoke island - first attempt of English to settle in 1587 - disappeared by 1590, “lost colony”

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10
Q

Jamestown

A

First successful English colony settled in 1607.

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11
Q

Virginia company

A

Joint-stock company who bought the right to establish New World plantations from the king & funded Jamestown

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12
Q

Jamestown settlers

A

Ill-suited for adjustments - more interested in gold than crops. Half were dead of starvation or disease in the first three months

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13
Q

Reason Jamestown survived

A

Ships kept arriving with new colonists - too many people dying

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14
Q

Captain John Smith

A

Decreed that “he who will not work shall not eat” - improved Jamestown for a time

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15
Q

Powhatan confederacy

A

Supplied Jamestown with food

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16
Q

“The Starving Time”

A

Winter of 1609-1610. Nearly 90% of residents perished, resorted to cannibalism.

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17
Q

John Rolfe

A

Married Pocahontas, briefly easing tensions between natives and settlers. Pioneered tobacco growth as a cash crop for export - brightened prospects of English settlement.

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18
Q

Biggest cash crop in early settlement?

A

Tobacco

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19
Q

Chesapeake

A

Area around Jamestown, named after the bay - now comprises Maryland and Virginia.

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20
Q

Indentured servitude

A

Promised 7 years’ labor for free passage to the new world, also received a small piece of property with their freedom, enabling them to survive and vote

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21
Q

Right to vote in early settlement

A

Tied to ownership of property, men only

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22
Q

Headright system

A 
Added 1618 by the virginia company
Headright: Tract of land about 50 acres
Men already settled got 2 headlights, new settlers got 1
Basis for an emerging aristocracy
Infringed upon rights of natives
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23
Q

House of Burgesses

A

Established 1619

Any property-holding white male could vote - all decisions made must be approved by virginia company

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24
French colonization
Quebec City founded 1608 French Jesuit priests tried to teach Roman Catholicism Light impact on natives compare to England and Spain
25
Edict of Nantes
1598 - provided for religious tolerance of Huguenots (French Protestants) who might otherwise have fled like puritans to the new world - ruined Frances chance for domination
26
Spain Native American relations
Conquered and enslaved inhabitants, missionary efforts, many had children with native women --> mestizos
27
France's relations with native Americans
Friendly - allied and adopted native practices | Little choice - settlements too far apart to lose any threat to natives
28
Netherlands Native American relationship
Tried building trading empire - taken over by English | Founded new Amsterdam --> New York City
29
England Native American relations
Excluded natives as much as possible | Intermixing bw settlers and natives rare
30
Wars of extermination
English realized conflict was inevitable - got rid of tribes, Powhatan confederacy destroyed by "Indian fighters" in 1640s
31
Separatists
Puritan group who thought the Church of England was so incapable of being reformed that they had to abandon it - left England in the 16th century
32
Puritanism
Protestant movement - desired to purify the Anglican Church of Roman Catholic practices - persecuted by English monarchs
33
Mayflower compact
Agreement that the pilgrims signed on board the mayflower establishing a "body politic" and a basic legal system for the colony of Plymouth Created legal authority and an assembly Asserted that the governments power derives from the consent of the governed and not from god
34
Tisquantum (Squanto)
Native American who spoke English - became the pilgrims' interpreter and taught them how to plant
35
Massachusetts Bay
Large and powerful colony establish 1629 by Congregationalists - began the great Puritan migration
36
Congregationalists
Puritans who wanted to reform the Anglican Church from within
37
The Great Puritan Migration
1629-1642 led by John Winthrop - Massachusetts Bay developed along Puritan ideals
38
Governor John Winthrop
Led the Great Puritan Migration - urged colonists of Massachusetts Bay to be a "city on a hill" - model for others to look up to
39
Religion of colonists at Massachusetts Bay
Calvinists - dictated their daily lives
40
Roger Williams
Minister in the Salem bay settlement Encouraged separation of church and state Banished by puritans - showed religious intolerance Moved to Rhode Island and formed a new colony
41
Anne Hutchinson
Proponent of antinomianism - belief that faith and gods grace, as opposed to the observance of moral law and performance of good deeds, suffice to earn one a place among the elect Challenged Puritan beliefs and authority of the clergy Intelligent, well-educated woman in a patriarchal society Tried for heresy, convicted and banished
42
Oliver Cromwell's English reign
1649-1660 Puritan immigration to New England came to a near-halt Ruled England as a republic - best known and respected Puritan leader Represented culmination of English civil wars, which the puritans won
43
Interregnum
"Between Kings" Puritans had little motive to come to the new world - started again with restoration of the Stuarts Brought republican ideals with them
44
Pequot War
Pequots attacked settlement --> Massachusetts bay colony members retaliated and resulted in near destruction of the pequots
45
Proprietorships
Many colonies owned by one person who received the land as a gift from the king (Connecticut, Maryland, New York, New Jersey)
46
Act of Toleration
1649 in Maryland | Protected religious freedom of most Christians - couldn't stop bloody religious civil war
47
Conflict with Dutch over New York
1664 King Charles II waged war against Dutch republic and sent naval force to capture new Netherland. Dutch surrendered peacefully and allowed to stay on generous terms
48
Founding of Pennsylvania
William Penn, a Quaker, granted the land from King Charles II - friendship despite Anglican belief that Quakers were dangerous radicals One of the fastest growing early colonies Attracted tribes and European settlers
49
Carolina
1729 split into North Carolina (settled by Virginians) and South Carolina (settled by descendants of Englishmen who colonized Barbados) Barbados used slaves to export sugar --> slave era in the colonies
50
Geography relating to settlement motives
Northern colonies: established for religious reasons | Southern colonies: established for commercial gain
51
William penn
Quaker who founded Pennsylvania
52
When/how did US slavery begin?
Colonists from the Caribbean settled in the Carolinas. As tobacco and rice growing increased more laborers were needed (in addition to indentured servants and enslaved native Americans)
53
Why was enslaving native Americans difficult?
They knew the land and could escape & hide easily Cultivation was considered women's work - gender obstacle European disease wiped out 85-95%
54
Bicameral legislature
Practiced by all colonies except Pennsylvania Modeled after British parliament Lower house like HOR - directly elected members Upper house made of appointees - directors to the governor - chosen from local population
55
New England Confederation
Colonists made effort toward centralized government No real power Offered advice to northeastern colonists
56
Bacons Rebellion
1676 Western Virginia Nathaniel Bacon demanded that Governor William Berkeley let him raise a militia and attack nearby natives for farmland - said no Lashed out against natives anyway then sacked and burned Jamestown Early example of populist uprising
57
King Philips War
Wampanoag Indians led by Metacomet (King Philip) attacked white settlements in retaliation to attempt to blot out Native American life Allied with two other tribes Eventually fell apart - natives made slaves
58
Stono Uprising / Cato Rebellion
First slave rebellion, 1739 Few escapade slaves liberated many others Went to Florida hoping for freedom Killed or executed later Colonies passed more restrictive slave laws & fear increased
59
Salem Witch Trials
1692 Not the first witch trials in New England More than 130 witches jailed or executed Caused by many religious, economic and gender factors Ended when teenage girls accused prominent citizens of consorting with the devil - turned leadership against them
60
Dominion of New England
English government attempt to clamp down on illegal trade Massachusetts' charter had been revoked, its assemblies dissolved, and governor granted power of an absolute monarch Ended with glorious revolution
61
Glorious Revolution
William and Mary replace James II Massachusetts became a royal colony Suffrage extended to all Protestants - weakened Puritan primacy
62
King Williams War / the War of the League of Augsburg
War against French and natives on the Canadian border | Heightened regional anxieties
63
Puritan fears in the late 1600s
Suffrage extended to all Protestants - no longer just puritans, weakened Puritan primacy Religion being undermined by commercialism New generations lacked fervor of previous puritans
64
Halfway Covenant
Changed the rules governing Puritan baptisms | Baptized all children whose parents were baptized
65
Great Awakening
Wave of religious revivalism in 1730s & '40s Prior to, people were generally less religious Response of devout people to the Enlightenmenty
66
Jonathan Edwards
Great Awakening Preach the severe, predeterminate doctrines of Calvinism Graphic depictions of Hell
67
George Whitefield
Great Awakening Preached Christianity based on emotionalism and spirituality - evangelism Native of England - affected by Enlightenment
68
Benjamin Franklin
Typified Enlightenment ideals in America Wealthy printer Poor Richard's Almanac Pioneered electricity Invented bifocals, the lighting rod, and the franklin stove Founded colonies' first fire department, post office, and public library Ambassador in Europe
69
Population Growth 1700-1750
250,000 ---> 1,250,000 | Scotch-Irish, Scots, and Germans started arriving in 18th century, plus more English settlers
70
Where did the vast majority of colonists live in the 17th and early 18th centuries?
``` Rural areas Labor divides among gender lines Patriarchal Work over education Women had few rights ```
71
Where were conditions worst from 1600-1750?
``` Cities - most immigrants settled there Work paid too little Poverty widespread Primitive sanitary conditions Epidemics common ```
72
Early New England society
Centered on trade Boston - major port city Farmed for subsistence, not trade Rigid Puritanism
73
Early middle colonies society | New York, Pennsylvania, New Jersey
Fertile land, focus on farming "Bread colonies" - exported grains Heterogeneous population
74
Early lower south society (Carolinas)
Concentrated on cash crops (tobacco and rice) Slavery had a major role Blacks up to half of population
75
Early Chesapeake society (Maryland and Virginia)
``` Combined features of middle colonies and lower south Slavery & tobacco Also farmed grain Diversified economies Developed major cities ```

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