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APUSH > Creating A Functioning Government (1777-1824) > Flashcards

Creating A Functioning Government (1777-1824) Flashcards

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0
Q

Abigail Adams

A

Wrote letter to her husband reminding them of their help during the war
Showed how women thought they deserved some degree of compensation

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1
Q

Articles of Confederation

A

First national constitution
Little to no central government - afraid of British tyrannical rule again
Fed. Gov couldn’t tax or regulate trade
Amendments required unanimous consent of all states - could hold each other hostage
Too concerned with preventing too much power in the government

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2
Q

Blacks after the revolution

A

Many more freed, but created more racist publications and legislation
Led to early “ghettoization” of blacks and other minorities

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3
Q

Problems the Articles caused

A

Couldn’t levy taxes –> printed more paper money to finance the war –> inflation
British denied US access to West Indian markets –> US helpless
British refused to abandon military posts in the States - couldn’t expel them

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4
Q

Shays Rebellion

A

August 1786 - January 1787
1500 farmers from Massachusetts matched on Springfield to protest a number of unfair policies, both economic and political. Armed & angry - wake up call for the elite
Government was essentially powerless to stop such rebellions

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5
Q

Northwest Ordinance of 1787

A

Governed the sale of government land to settlers
Contained a bill of rights guaranteeing trial by jury, freedom of religion, and freedom from excess punishment
Abolished slavery in the Northwest Territories
Set specific regulations concerning the conditions under which territories could apply for statehood
Claimed Native American land without consent

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6
Q

Annapolis Convention

A

Convened by Hamilton
Only 5 delegates showed up
Hamilton was concerned that there was no uniform commercial policy and feared for the survival of the new republic

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7
Q

Constitutional Convention

A

55 delegates met in Philadelphia to discuss the revision if the Articles of Confederation
Summer of 1787

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8
Q

Virgina plan vs. New Jersey plan

A

Virginia: wanted an entirely new government based on checks and balances and for the number of representatives for each state to be based on population
New Jersey: modifications and equal representation from each state

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9
Q

Great Compromise / Connecticut Compromise

A

Blended the Virginia plan and New Jersey plan to have a bicameral legislature and the Constitution
Lower house: HOR elected by people
Upper house: Senate elected by state legislatures
President and VP voted by electoral college

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10
Q

Three-Fifths compromise

A

Method for counting slaves among the populations of southern states for “proportional” representation in congress, even though those sales weren’t citizens
Each counted as 3/5 of a person

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11
Q

Anti-Federalists (Democratic-Republicans)

A 
Came from the backcountry and opposed the constitution. Saw the federal government as an all-powerful beast. Appalled by the absence of rights - pushed for bill of rights 
Jefferson and Madison 
Economy based on agriculture
Strict constitution
Against national bank
Sympathetic toward France
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12
Q

Federalist Papers

A

Anonymously authored by James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, and John Jay.
Published in a New York newspaper and widely circulated
Critical in swaying opinion in New York

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13
Q

Federalists

A 
For the constitution
Federal power
Creation of a national bank
Hamilton, Washington, Adams, jay, Marshall
Economy based on commerce
Loose construction
Sympathetic toward Great Britain
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14
Q

Bill of Rights

A

1791 (2 years after constitution)

  1. Freedom of religion, speech, petition, assembly, and press
  2. Right to bear arms
  3. No quartering soldiers in private homes
  4. Freedom from unreasonable search and seizure
  5. Right to due process, freedom from self-incrimination, and double jeopardy
  6. Right to speedy and public trial
  7. Right to trial by jury
  8. Freedom from excessive bail and cruel and unusual punishment
  9. Rights not listed kept by the people
  10. Powers not listed kept by the states or people
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15
Q

George Washington

A

First president, voted unanimously
Used veto only if a bill was unconstitutional
Created a government with the best minds of it’s time
Very careful and wise - set precedent

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16
Q

Thomas Jefferson

A

Washington’s Secretary of State
Anti-Federalist
Favored weaker federal government empowered mainly to defend the country and regulate interstate commerce

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17
Q

Alexander Hamilton

A

Washington’s secretary of the treasury
Federalist
Favored strong central government and weak state governments
Proposed national bank

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18
Q

National Bank

A

Proposed by Hamilton to help regulate and strengthen the economy
Approved by both houses, Washington considered a veto - unsure of constitutionality

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19
Q

Strict constructionists

A

Jefferson & Madison
Argued that the constitution allowed congress only those powers specifically granted to it or those “necessary and proper” to the execution of it’s enumerated powers
Said a bank was not necessary

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20
Q

Broad (loose) constructionists

A

Hamilton & Washington
Said the creation of a bank was an implied power of the government bc the government already had explicit power to coin money, borrow money, and collect taxes
Said government could do anything in the execution of enumerated powers

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21
Q

National debt (Hamilton)

A

Federal government assumed the states debts (increasing the federal governments power) and repayed those debts by giving the debt holders land on the western frontier

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22
Q

French Revolution

A

During Washington administration
Jefferson wanted to support it and it’s republican ideals
Hamilton didn’t like revolutionaries

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23
Q

Citizen Edmond Genet

A

French government representative who came to America to seek it’s assistance after French revolution
Led to neutrality proclamation

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24
Q

Neutrality proclamation

A

Washington: the US intention to remain “friendly and impartial toward belligerent powers”

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25
Q

Whiskey Rebellion

A

Instigated by Hamilton’s financial program
Western Pennsylvania
Gamers resisted an excise tax on whiskey
Washington dispatched the militia to break up the rebels
Demonstrated lasting class tensions

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26
Q

Jay’s treaty

A

Concerned the evacuation of the British from the northwest territory and discussed British violations of free trade
Prevented war with Great Britain
Some say jay made too many concessions
Low point of Washingtons administration

27
Q

Pinckney’s Treaty

A

AKA Treaty of San Lorenzo
High point of Washington administration
Negotiated with Spain the use of the Mississippi River, duty-free access to world markets, and he removal of any remaining Spanish forts on American soil
Spain promised to try and prevent attacks on western settlers from native Americans

28
Q

Washington’s Farewell Address

A

Composed in part by Hamilton
Warned future presidents to “steer clear of permanent alliances with any portion of the foreign world”
Defined american foreign policy from 1800-1890 when imperialism started

29
Q

Women’s Roles 1790s

A

Reevaluated in light of republican ideals
Excluded from political activity
Private virtue: women should inspire and teach men to be good citizens through romance and motherhood

30
Q

John Adams

A 
2nd president
VP Thomas Jefferson - 2nd place
Let Alexander Hamilton take charge
Ugly divisive tone
Avoided war with France
31
Q

XYZ Affair

A

France began seizing American ships on open seas
Adams sent 3 diplomats to Paris where French officials demanded a huge bribe before they would allow negotiations to begin
Adams published diplomats’ written report in the newspapers
Public became anti-French

32
Q

Alien & Sedition Acts

A

Adams presidency
Allowed the government to forcibly expel foreigners and to jail newspaper editors for “scandalous and malicious writing.”
Aimed at destroying immigrant support for Democratic Republicans
Strictly regulated anti-government speech - violated first amendment

33
Q

Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions

A

Drafted by Jefferson and Madison
Argued that the states had the right to judge the constitutionality of federal laws
Declared the Alien and Sedition Acts void
Jefferson used the laws and the resolutions as key issues in his 1800 campaign for the presidency

34
Q

Nullification

A

State authority to declare federal laws unconstitutional

35
Q

Revolution of 1800

A

Aaron Burr vs Thomas Jefferson
Hamilton supported Jefferson - hated Burr, who later assassinated Hamilton
President again saddled with a Vice President they didn’t want
No violence occurred during the transition from Federalists to Democratic-Republicans
“The bloodless revolution”

36
Q

Twelfth Amendment

A

Allowed electors to vote for a party ticket

President no longer stuck with a VP they didn’t want or agree with

37
Q

Midnight Appointments

A

Adams filled as many government positions with Federalists as he could before leaving the capital when Jefferson took office
Jefferson refused to recognize those appointments and replaced as many federalist employees as he could

38
Q

Marbury v. Madison

A

Marbury sued Madison for refusing to certify Marbury’s appointment to the federal bench
Marshall was a federalist
Established judicial review
Said Marbury had a right to judgeship, but the court could not enforce his right because it was unconstitutional

39
Q

Louisiana Purchase

A

Jefferson sent Monroe to France to negotiate the purchase of New Orleans for $2 million
Napoleon needed money for war in Europe and revolution in Haiti
Offered to sell entire Louisiana territory for $15 million
Jefferson unsure if it was constitutional to purchase land - claimed power to negotiate treaties with foreign nations

40
Q

Quids

A

Group of republicans who criticized Jefferson for violating republican principles with the Louisiana purchasers by John Randolph of Viriginia

41
Q

Lewis and Clark

A

Explored western territories, including much of Louisiana territory
Favorable reports –> pioneers moved west in search of land, riches, and economic opportunities

42
Q

Impressment

A

British ships stopped American ships and declared, often with littler proof, that those sailors had deserted from the British navy and forced them back into it
British frigate attacked American ship in American waters —> boycott

43
Q

Embargo Act of 1807

A

British and French continued to harass American ships
Shut down Americas import and export business
New England’s economy collapsed and smuggling became widespread

44
Q

Non-Intercourse Act of 1809

A

Reopened trade with most nations, but still officially banned trade with Britain and France

45
Q

James Madison

A

Succeeded Jefferson
Democratic-Republican
Sought a solution to Americas trade problems
President during the war of 1812

46
Q

Macon’s Bill No. 2

A

Reopened trade with both France and England
Madison promised that if either country renounced it’s interference with American trade, he would cut off trade with the other one
Napoleon made that promise, forcing the US to cut off trade with GB but French continued harassing American ships
Built pro-war sentiments

47
Q

War Hawks

A

South and West
Saw war as an opportunity to grab new territories to the west and southwest
Led by Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun

48
Q

War of 1812

A

Native Americans aligned themselves with the British
American forces ill-prepared for war
British captured DC and set the White House on fire in 1814
Andrew Jackson didn’t know peace had been made –> won the Battle of New Orleans

49
Q

Tecumseh

A

Chief who allied with the British in the War of 1812
Unified area tribes in an effort to stop American expansion into Indiana and Illinois
Coalition fell apart after he was killed in battle

50
Q

Tenskwatawa (the Prophet)

A

War of 1812
Led an extensive revival of traditional Native American culture and religion
Tecumseh’s brother

51
Q

Treaty of Ghent

A

Ended the War of 1812 with Britain and France

52
Q

Hartford Convention

A

Federalists opposed the war of 1812 because it disrupted trade
Met in Hartford, Connecticut to consider a massive overhaul of the constitution or, failing that, secession
Considered traitors once the war ended
National party dissolved soon after the Hartford Convention

53
Q

Effects of the War of 1812

A

End of Native Americans’ ability to stop American expansion
American economy became less reliant on trade with Britain (self-sufficient)
Made Andrew Jackson a celebrity and paved the way to his presidency
Victory in New Orleans led to a national euphoria
Destroyed the Federalists
Spurred American manufacturing

54
Q

National Road

A

From Maryland to Ohio

One of Madison’s great achievements

55
Q

American System

A

AKA Nationalist program
Madison presidency
Protective tariffs on imports
Improvements to interstate roads (national road)
Rechartered the national bank after the first national bank’s charter expired
Henry clay lobbied for them

56
Q

Era of Good Feelings

A

US had only one political party after federalist demise
Monroe’s presidency
Belies the growing tension created by economic development and increased sectionalism
Marshall still Supreme Court justice

57
Q

McCulloch v. Maryland

A

Marshall ruled that states could not tax the national bank, thus establishing the precedence of national law over state law

58
Q

Panic of 1819

A

Financial scare - economic turmoil
Followed a period of growth, inflation, and land speculation, all of which had destabilized the economy. Borrowers couldn’t repay National Bank loans –> mortgage foreclosures, business failure, and poverty

59
Q

John Quincy Adams

A

Secretary of State under Monroe
Son of John Adams
Negotiated a number of treaties that fixed US borders and opened new territories
Handled international tensions caused by revolutions in Latin America

60
Q

Adams-Onis Treaty

A

US acquired Florida from the Spanish in 1819

61
Q

Monroe Doctrine

A

Policy of mutual non interference
Said that if Europe stayed out of Americas, the US would stay out of their business. Also claimed US right to intervene anywhere in it’s own hemisphere, if it felt it’s security was threatened
Secured American neutrality until WWI

62
Q

Missouri Compromise

A

1820 11 slave states & 11 free states
Missouri became a state - didn’t know whether it should be free or slave
Missouri -> slave state
Created Maine out if Massachusetts -> free state
Drew a line across the 36*30’ parallel across the Louisiana territory and established the southern border of Missouri as the northernmost point at which aka very would be allowed in the western territories, except for Missouri itself.
Forestalled the civil war
Split the Democratic-Republican Coalition, ending it’s control

63
Q

Jeffersonian republicanism

A

Conceived of a nation governed by middle- and upper-class educated property holders, in which the government would be only as large as necessary to provide an acceptable level of services. Nation of yeomen farmers (who owned their land) whose liberty would be protected by limited the power of the national government

64
Q

Jefferson beliefs about native Americans

A

Could be assimilated into American culture. If natives have up their hunting and gathering lifestyle and adopted American farming techniques and culture - “learned to live on less land” - then Americans and native Americans might coexist peacefully

APUSH (6 decks)

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