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APUSH > Beginnings Of Modern American Democracy (1824-1844) > Flashcards

Beginnings Of Modern American Democracy (1824-1844) Flashcards

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0
Q

Congressional caucuses

A

Groups of US Congressmen who chose party nominees prior to election of 1824

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1
Q

Election of 1824

A

Turning point - first election where majority of states allowed voters to choose their presidential electors directly
More people voting directly –> less and less support for candidates nominated by party leaders
HOR ultimately decided between 4 candidates - Henry clay (speaker of the house) gave support to Adams -> victory

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2
Q

Demise of the caucus system

A

Democratic-Republican caucus chose William H. Crawford in 1824 -> John Quincy Adams, Henry clay, and Andrew Jackson challenged the nomination. This opposition and accusations brought about the demise of the caucus system

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3
Q

“Corrupt Bargain”

A

Jackson and other opponents claimed that Henry Clay agreed to give support to Quincy Adams in return for the Secretary of State position, which was considered a gateway to the presidency
Immediately vowed to see both removed in the election of 1828

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4
Q

Postmillennialism

A

Belief, widespread among 19th century Christians, that Jesus would only return after a thousand-year golden age brought about by human kind. Major progressive force in America
John Quincy Adams was an adherent - called for the US to adopt the metric system in the 1820s.

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5
Q

John Quincy Adams’ presidency

A

Impeded by a contrary congress - many supported Jackson.
Federalist just like his father
Jackson’s supporters favored states rights and thwarted all of Adams’s efforts to initiate improvements through the federal government
Proposals for new protective tariffs, interstate highways; and federal schools and research centers all met with opposition
Founded a naval college and became an influential congressman

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6
Q

Election of 1828

A

Jackson made sure he had plenty of popular support to ensure a win. His followers became the present-day Democratic Party. Vicious campaign - surrogates accused other candidate. Between Adams and Jackson - Jackson won by a large margin

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7
Q

Coffin Handbill

A

Accused Jackson of murdering his enlisted men during the Indian Wars during the election of 1828

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8
Q

Andrew Jackson

A

Had interests of the west in mind
Seen as the epitome of a self-made man
First president who wasn’t either born in Virginia or named Adams

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9
Q

Spoils system

A

Trading jobs for political favors

First noticed by the public during the Jacksonian era but present in the government beforehand

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10
Q

Jacksonian Democracy

A

Replaced Jeffersonian republicanism
Benefited from universal white manhood suffrage - extension of voting rights to all white makes, even those who didn’t win property
Not a coherent vision of how a government should function
Saw themselves as champions of liberty but didn’t always act as such

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11
Q

Indian Removal Act

A

1830 - Jackson’s first term
Gold discovered on native land and citizens of Georgia demanded that the Cherokee comply with the act
Suggested by Monroe but enacted during Jackson’s term
Demanded that natives resettle in Oklahoma - “Indian territory”
Cherokees refused and brought case to the Supreme Court

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12
Q

“Five Civilized Tribes”

A

Living in the south in the area east of the Mississippi River
Cherokees already becoming quite assimilated - developed their own independent government

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13
Q

Cherokee Nation v. Georgia & Worcester v. Georgia

A

1831 & 1832
John Marshall sided with the Cherokee in both cases
Jackson refused to comply with the courts decision - said Marshall must enforce it himself

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14
Q

Trail of Tears

A

1835-1838
Thousands of Cherokees walked to Oklahoma under supervision of the US army
Thousands died of sickness and starvation along the way

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15
Q

Nullification

A

Major issue of Jackson’s presidency
Individual states have the right to disobey federal laws if they find them unconstitutional
Discussed openly by many southern states by 1830

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16
Q

Tariff of Abominations

A

AKA Tariff of 1828

Passed during Adams administration but almost turned into a national crisis during Jackson’s administration

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17
Q

John C. Calhoun

A

Jackson’s VP & South Carolinian
Anonymously published “The South Carolinian Exposition and Protest” arguing that states who felt the 50% tariff was too high could nullify the law

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18
Q

Tariff of 1832

A

Jackson feared nullification - thought it endangered the Union
Failed to lower rates to an acceptable level with this tariff -> nullified by South Carolina

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19
Q

Force Bill

A

Threatened to call in troops to enforce the tariff, but Calhoun and Henry Clay brokered a behind-the-scenes compromise; lowering the tariff and diffusing tensions

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20
Q

Jackson distrust of big government

A

“Downsized” the federal government end strengthened the office of the presidency with his veto
Fought against reform movements that called for increased government activism against social and economic problems

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21
Q

Second Bank of the United States (BUS)

A

Jackson made sure it failed by vetoing Congress’s attempt to recharger the bank and by withdrawing federal funds and depositing them in state “pet” banks
Thought it protected northeastern interests at the expense of the west
Argued it was an unconstitutional monopoly
Supreme Court ruled against him using a loose interpretation of the commerce clause
Suspicious of paper money, preferred hard currency

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22
Q

“Pet banks”

A

State banks where Jackson moved the federal funds to prevent the renewal of a federal bank

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23
Q

Specie Circular

A

Ended the policy of selling government land on credit (buyers now had to pay hard cash)
Caused a money shortage and a sharp decrease in the treasury and helped trigger the panic of 1837
Overturned by congress in the final days of Jackson’s term

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24
Q

Nat Turner’s Rebellion

A

Famous Jacksonian slave insurrection
Turner: well read preacher who had a vision - took it as a sign from god that a black liberation movement would succeed. Rallied a gang that killed and mutilated 60 whites. In retaliation 200 slaves were executed, some with no connection to the rebellion. Led to fear and black codes

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25
Q

Black codes

A

Restrictive laws against slaves in southern states

Prohibited blacks from congregating and learning to read

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26
Q

Whigs

A

Opposition party to Jacksonian democrats
Loose coalition who all had opposition to one or more of the democrats’ policies
Believed in government activism
Deeply religious - supported temperance movement and enforcement of the sabbath

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27
Q

Martin van Buren

A

Elected 1836 when the country was entering a major economic crisis - Panic of 1837
Made it worse by continuing Jacksonian policy of favoring hard currency, thereby ensuring that money would be hard to come by

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28
Q

Panic of 1837

A

Major economic crisis caused by Jackson’s Specie Circular (buyers had to pay hard cash)
During van Buren’s term
Didn’t help it - continued hard currency policy
Ensure that van Buren wouldn’t be re elected

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29
Q

William Henry Harrison

A

1841 elected the first Whig president

Died of pneumonia a month after taking office

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30
Q

John Tyler

A

Harrison’s VP - assumed the presidency after Harrison’s death
Former democrat
Began championing states’ rights
Vetoed numerous Whig bills, alienating Whig leadership
Entire cabinet resigned in protest
“President without a party”

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31
Q

Market economy

A

Trade labor goods for cash, which is used to buy other peoples labor or goods.
Favors those who specialize - fares who produce one crop
Results in everyone depending on each other for subsistence
Grow quickly and provide more services that subsistence economies

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32
Q

Boom-and-bust Cycles

A

Changes in a market economy in which any number of factors can Hal a period of prosperity and throw the economy into a skid like the panics of 1819 and 1837

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33
Q

Impact of War of 1812 on economy

A

Forced the United States to become less dependent on exports (due to embargo on Britain and France) and develop a stronger national economy

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34
Q

Eli Whitney

A

Cotton gin: made it easy to remove seeds from cotton plants and made it easier and cheaper to produce. Increased production of cotton –> increased dependency on slavery
Interchangeable parts: practical way to manufacture and mass produce. Soon applied to all aspects of manufacturing
Gave birth to machine-tool industry and assembly line production

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35
Q

Machine-tool industry

A

Produced specialized machines for such growing industries as textiles and transportation

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36
Q

Power loom

A

Invented 1813
Textile manufacturers could produce both thread and finished fabric in their own factories, and do so quickly and efficiently
Made textiles of high quality and inexpensive

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37
Q

Lowell system

A

AKA Waltham system
Worker-enticement program since there was shortage of labor in New England with the rapid growth of the textile industry
Guaranteed employees housing in respectable, chaperoned boarding houses; cash wages; and participation in social and cultural events organized by the mill
Lasted until Irish immigrants in the 1840s & ’50s and labor unions

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38
Q

New industries that sprung up from the textile industry

A

Clothing manufacturers, retailers, brokers, commercial banks, and the transportation industry

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39
Q

Erie Canal

A

Completed 1825
Funded entirely by New York
Linked the Great Lakes region to New York and, thus, to European shipping routes
Northeast soon established as the nations center of commerce
Width and depth had to be nearly doubled by 1835 to handle traffic
Led to other regions creating canals - thousands of miles of them
Canal era ended with railroads in 1850

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40
Q

Steamships

A

Traveled faster than sailing vessels

Became important freight carriers and replaced sailing ships for long sea voyages

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41
Q

Railroads

A

First ones built in the 1830s, typically only connecting 2 cities
As the rail network grew, different railroad lines couldn’t be connected because the gauge (width) of the tracks were different
Government paid for them to standardize

42
Q

Telegraph

A

Allowed immediate long-distance communication for the first time
Primitive telephone, except they communicated in morse code rather than speaking
Transatlantic cables not laid until after the civil war

43
Q

Farming 1st half of 1800s

A

Mechanization (plow, sower, reaper, thresher, baler, and cotton gin) revolutionized farming
Market economy - in 1820 1/3 of food grown in the US went to market - doubled by 1860

44
Q

Northeastern farming

A

Rocky hilly terrain unsuitable to many machines
Land had been over farmed -> poor quality of soil
Many New England farmers quit cultivating grain and started raising livestock and growing fruits and vegetables or headed to cities to take manufacturing jobs

45
Q

Midwestern farms

A

Americas chief source of grains
Much larger than New England farms
More adaptable to technology -> doubled production
Banks lent farmers the capital necessary to buy modern equipment
Trade routes created by rail and ship provides access to markets needed to pay off loans
Panics of 1819 and 1837 threw people into poverty

46
Q

Southern farming

A

Plantations focused primarily on cotton, especially in the Deep South
Tobacco continued to be a major cash crop in the upper south
Majority of southerners owned small farms and no slaves

47
Q

Manifest destiny

A

American belief that they had a god-given right to the western territories
Some took the idea far and suggested that America would eventually annex all of the Americas

48
Q

Hardships of western settlement

A

Terrain and climate come and unforgiving

Moving into areas that rightfully belonged to native Americans and Mexicans who put up a fight

49
Q

Annexation of Texas

A

Mexico declared independence from Spain in 1821 and established liberal land policies to entice settlers
Tens of thousands of Americans (many cattle ranchers) fled to the region
We’re supposed to become Mexican citizens in return for land, but rarely did
Ignored Mexican law, especially the prohibition of slavery
Mexico tried to gain control -> rebelled and declared independence
Battle of the Alamo

50
Q

Republic of Texas

A

Brief period in which Texas was an independent country
Existence of slavery in the area guaranteed a congressional battle over statehood
Admitted into the union in 1845

51
Q

Oregon territory

A

Early 1840s thousands of settlers traveled to the willamette valley, braving a 6 month journey on the Oregon trail
Large Native American population and British there to claim the territory for Canada
Russians also staked a claim
Polk administration eventually settled the dispute by signing a treaty with England

52
Q

Good rush

A

1848 gold discovered in California attracted more than 100,000 people in 2 years

53
Q

California

A

Hospitable to agriculture

Access to Pacific Ocean allowed large trade centers to develop (San Francisco)

54
Q

Sectional strife

A

First half of nineteenth century
3 different sections of the country developed in very different directions
North, South, and West

55
Q

North 1800-1850

A

Becoming industrialized
Technological advances helped it become the nations commercial center
Famers played less of a role
Slavery increasingly uncommon

56
Q

South 1800-1850

A

Almost entirely agrarian
Tobacco and cotton requires lots of land
Looked for new slave territories to strengthen position in congress and protect from northern legislators - depended on slavery for labor

57
Q

West 1800-1850

A

Economic interests varies but largely rooted in commercial farming, fur trapping, and real-estate speculation
Distrusted the north - home of powerful banks that could take their land away
Little more use for south - hierarchical society at odds with egalitarianism of the west
Wanted to avoid involvement in slavery
Became nations breadbasket

58
Q

Major social developments first half of nineteenth century

A

Increased reliance on slave labor due to technology
Larger middle class due to increase in commerce
Bigger cities with large migrant and immigrant neighborhoods
New frontier culture with westward migration

59
Q

Problems in American cities (early years)

A

Lack of powerful urban governments to oversee their rapid expansion
Extremely toxic environments
Close proximity and sanitation problems made epidemics inevitable

60
Q

Benefits of cities

A

Jobs - northern farmers moved to cities to work in factories
Easier for craftsmen to make a living
More opportunities for social advancement
Public schooling, formation of labor unions, formed clubs and associations through which they could exert more influence on govt and in society
Wide variety of leisure time options

61
Q

Uneven distribution of wealth 1800s

A

In south and northern cities

An elite few controlled most of the personal wealth and led lives of power and comfort

62
Q

Nineteenth century middle class

A

Tradesmen, brokers, and other professionals
Worked to reach the plateau at which the women in their families could devote themselves to homemaking instead of wage earning
Rose from the working class

63
Q

Cult of domesticity

A

Notion that men should work while women kept house and raised children
Supported by popular magazines and novels that glorified home life

64
Q

Nineteenth century working class

A

Men worked in factories or at low-paying crafts
Women often worked at home, taking in sewing
Others worked as domestic servants
Lived just above the poverty level

65
Q

1840s and ’50s great immigrant waves

A

Irish -> cities in the north
Germans -> west
Met with hostility, especially from working classes who feared competition for low-paying jobs
Irish subject to widespread bias due to Catholicism and lower education level

66
Q

1830s and ’40s riots

A 
Religious, ethnic, and/or class strife could escalate to violence and even result in fatalities 
Largely responsible for formation of municipal police departments, which replaced privately run security companies in enforcing peace
67
Q

Southern social life

A 
Lived in rural areas in near isolation
Family & church emphasized
Almost no major cities, few centers of commerce and limited infrastructure
New Orleans relied on waterways
No strong market economy like north
68
Q

Planters

A

Defined as having 20+ slaves
Dominated southern society politically, socially, and economically
>1% of population owned more than 100 slaves
Grew cotton throughout the Deep South and tobacco in the Middle Atlantic
Convinced that the slave system benefitted everyone

69
Q

Southern paternalism

A

Attitude of southern planters that the sale system benefited all of it’s participants, including the slaves
Relied on the perception of blacks as childlike and unable to take care of themselves
Slaves adopted a submissive and grateful demeanor to make life easier
Converted slaves to Christianity

70
Q

Slaves standard of living

A

State if subsistence poverty
Housed in one-room cabins with their families & often with another family
Overcrowded and unsanitary
Worked extremely long hours at tedious labor
Conditions worse in the Deep South

71
Q

Methods of slave resistance

A

Developed a unique culture that blended African roots with Christianity
Revolts were rarely successful
Violated local slave codes, sneaked out in the night to see a loved one, or learning to read and write

72
Q

Yeomen

A

Southern landholders who sometimes had few slaves but often none at all
Small tracts of land in the hills
Most of Scottish and Irish descent
Grew subsistence crops, raised livestock, and sometimes produced a few cash crops, though limited access to northern markets hindered profit making

73
Q

Landless whites

A

Farmed as tenants or hired themselves out as manual laborers

Difficult to elevate from this social stratum up to yeomen

74
Q

Free blacks

A

Descendants of slaves freed by their owners for having fought in the revolutionary warm
Black codes prevented them from owning guns, drinking liquor, and assembling in groups of more than 3
Most worked as tenant farmers or day laborers
Some “mulattoes” lived in relative luxury and refinement in the Deep South

75
Q

Western frontier by 1840

A

Expanded throughout the Louisiana territory, Texas, and the Pacific Northwest
1849 gold rush -> California

76
Q

US government methods of enticing settlers to move west

A

Gave away, or sold at reduced rates, large tracts of land to war veterans
Loaned money at reduced rates to civilians so they could move west

77
Q

Squatters

A

Settlers who ignored the requirement to buy land and simply moved into and appropriated an unoccupied tract as their own

78
Q

Frontier occupations

A

Grain production and dairy farming (Midwest -> “breadbasket”)
Fur trading
Cattle ranchers and miners

79
Q

Fur trading

A

Called “over-mountain men”
Often the first pioneers in a region, one step ahead of farming families
Reached Oregon -> ran out of places to go
Hunted beaver to near extinction
Formed first American government in Ohio valley

80
Q

Cons of frontier living

A

Struggled against climate, elements, and native Americans who weren’t anxious for the whites to settle, having heard about eastern tribes

81
Q

Pros of frontier living

A

Offered opportunities for wealth, freedom, and social advancement - opportunities that were less common in the competitive East and aristocratic South
Women made a good living at domestic work and later running boarding houses and hotels

82
Q

Second Great Awakening

A

Period of religious revival, mainly among Methodists, Presbyterians, and baptists
Began in the “burned-over district” of western New York and then spread
Intense period of evangelism in the south and west
Resulted in reform societies, mostly in the northeast; dedicated to the task of saving humanity from it’s own worst impulses (drinking and poverty)

83
Q

Burned-over district

A

Area in western New York where the second great awakening began
So heavily evangelized and burned over by metaphorical fires of religious revival that there were no more people to convert

84
Q

Temperance societies

A

Some encouraged people to pledge not to drink and others slight outright prohibition of liquor
Remained powerful until the 18th amendment in 1919

85
Q

Reform societies

A

Battled vices such as alcohol consumption (temperance society), gambling (outlawed lotteries), and prostitution (the Female Moral Reform Society)
Brought penitentiaries, asylums, and orphanages

86
Q

Dorothea Dix

A

Led the movement of penitentiaries seeking to rehabilitate criminals rather than isolating them from society by teaching them morality and “work ethic”

87
Q

The Shakers

A

Utopian group that splintered from the Quakers
Believed that they and all other churches had grown too interested in this world and to neglectful of their afterlives
Isolated themselves in communes where they shared work and it’s rewards
Granted near-equal rights to women
Celibacy -> numbers diminished
Ended during the 1840s and ’50s

88
Q

Utopian groups

A

Shakers, Oneida community, the new harmony community, brook farm

89
Q

Brook farm

A

Experimental community established near Roxbury, Massachusetts in 1841
Home to transcendentalists

90
Q

Transcendentalists

A

A group of nonconformist Unitarian writers and philosophers who drew their inspiration from European romanticism
Believed that humans contained elements of the divine, and this they had faith in mans, and ultimate society’s, perfectibility

91
Q

Transcendentalist writers

A

Nathaniel Hawthorne - scarlet letter
Ralph Waldo Emerson
Henry David Thoreau - walden, civil disobedience, refused to pay taxes to a government that waged war against Mexico and enacted a fugitive slave act in the compromise of 1850

92
Q

Hudson River school painters

A

First distinct school of American art
Wanted to create a specific vision for American art, and mosh painted landscapes that seemed to portray an aww for the see was and beauty of wild America
Influenced by European romanticism

93
Q

Mormons

A

Joseph smith formed the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints in 1830
Acceptance of polygamy
Drew strong opposition in east and middle west
Smith killed -> Mormons move to salt lake valley led by Brigham young
Settled and transformed the desert into farmland with irrigation

94
Q

Seneca falls convention

A

Upstate New York in burned over district
Declaration of the rights and sentiments of women
Elizabeth cast Stanton

95
Q

National women suffrage association

A

Founded 1869 by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony

96
Q

Horace Mann

A

Pushed for public education and education reform
Lengthened the school year, established the first “normal school” for teacher training, and used the first standardized books in education
Believed “education is the great equalizer”

97
Q

Belief of most anti-slavery whites

A

Slavery should be abolished gradually, coupled with colonization in which slaves moved back to Africa
Second great awakening persuaded more whites that slavery was a great evil

98
Q

William Lloyd Garrison

A

Wanted immediate abolition
Newspaper: the Liberator
Helped found the American Anti-Slavery Society
Fought against slavery and moderates
Forced the slavery issue to the forefront

99
Q

Gag rule

A

Adopted by congress - automatically suppressed discussion of slavery
Prevented congress from enacting any new legislation pertaining to slavery
1836-1844
Convinced many northerners to join the abolition movement

100
Q

Frederick Douglass

A

Newpaper: the North Star
Escaped slave, gained fame as a gifted writer and eloquent advocate of freedom and equality
Autobiography

101
Q

Harriet Tubman

A

Escaped slavery and returned to the south repeatedly to help more than 300 slaves escape via the Underground Railroad

102
Q

Sojourner Truth

A

Charismatic abolitionist speaker who campaigned for emancipation and womens rights

APUSH (6 decks)

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