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tourism Flashcards

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1
Q

The 3 reasons for motivation to travel

A
  1. need for relaxation
  2. need to achieve personal growth and self-fufilment
  3. need to discover unique travel experiences
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2
Q

The 5 reasons for Ability to travel

A
  1. Increase in disposable income
  2. Increase in leisure time
  3. business innovation in the tourism-related industry
  4. lower transport cost
  5. lower accommodation costs
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3
Q

The 3 reasons for mobility in travel

A
  1. Expansion of public transport services and infrastructure
  2. Introduction of new modes to travel
  3. Increased private car ownership
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4
Q

6/7 stages of tourism development

A
  1. exploration
  2. involvement
  3. development
  4. consolidation
  5. stagnation
    6/7. rejuvenation/decline
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5
Q

2 different types of tourists

A

Dependables
Venturers

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6
Q

which of the 2 types of tourists spend more money

A

venturers

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7
Q

which of the 2 types of tourists like to travel to more familiar destinations

A

dependables

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8
Q

example for the different stages of tourism development

A

Blackpool (resort in the UK)

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9
Q

Example of people being influenced by movies to a tourist destination

A

platform 9 3/4 at London’s king cross station, featured in the Harry Potter movies

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10
Q

Why are lesser-known destinations becoming more popular

A

people want to seek unique travel experiences. They also share it on social media which thus makes it popular

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11
Q

example of a lesser-known destination (laos)

A

Vang vien in Laos, a small town of few hours’ north of the capital, there are hidden caves and lagoons that can be explored by boat along the river that flows through the town

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12
Q

4 types of niche tourism

A

adventure tourism
heritage tourism
sports tourism
health tourism

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13
Q

different tour operators

A

mass market tour operators (Klook) and small specialist tour operators (Quark expeditions)

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14
Q

tourism contributes ___% of the world’s GDP and ___% of total emploment

A

5%, 6-7%

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15
Q

2 positive impacts of tourism on the economy

A
  1. increased employment
  2. higher income
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16
Q

why does more tourism lead to increased employment

A

tourism industry is very labour intensive and thus requires more manpower——> more employment

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17
Q

Examples of formal employment

A

hotel manager, restaurant chef, etc

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18
Q

Examples of informal employment

A

Street-side performers, taxi drivers, etc

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19
Q

Example of increased employment (maldives)

A

tourism is the largest economic industry in Maldives in earning foreign exchange revenues and generating employment in the country. 56.7% of the population is involved in tourism industry

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20
Q

why does increase in tourism lead to higher income

A

more tourism —-> more employment —-> higher income —–> boosts country’s GDP —-> money used to invest in infrastructure —-> higher SOL and less poverty

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21
Q

The 2 negatives impact on the economy

A
  1. economic leakage
  2. overdependence on tourism
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22
Q

what is economic leakage

A

economic leakage is when a tourist destination region imports goods and services from other countries (hotels, restaurants). Money earned by these goods and services go to the country that it was imported from and not the destination region, resulting in economic leakage

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23
Q

examples of economic leakage (Caribbean)

A

St. Lucia, an island in the Caribbean experienced a leakage of 45% in 2016. Tourism accounts to almost 65% of St. Lucia

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24
Q

what causes tourism to fluctuate (overdependence on tourism)

A
  1. Natural Disasters
  2. Economic downturn
  3. Unfavourable political decisions
  4. Outbreak of diseases
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25
Q

example of natural disaster affecting tourism (Caribbean Islands)

A

Hurricane Irma struck the Caribbean islands in August 2017. 95% of buildings were destroyed. Loss of 1 million tourists and loss of US$700 million in tourism revenue.

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26
Q

example of economic downturn affecting tourism

A

The global economic crisis in 2008-2009, caused tourists arrivals to decrease by 6%, making tourist destination areas vulnerable

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27
Q

example of unfavourable political situations affecting tourism

A

June - August 2019, HK protests against the Government. All departing flights to HK were cancelled, causing inconveniences to tourists. Tourism declined as they feared for their own safety.

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28
Q

example of outbreak of diseases affecting tourism

A

Covid-19 hit in late 2019, borders were shut, countries in lockdown. Tourist arrivals reduced by around 65% globally during that period.

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29
Q

positive impacts of tourism in society and culture (2)

A
  1. preservation of traditional cultural practices and art forms
  2. Enhanced cultural ecosystem services
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30
Q

how does tourism cause preservation of culture

A

when tourists visit an area with rich history, it boosts their economy there, incentivising locals there to preserve the local culture

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31
Q

example of preservation of culture

A

Shadow puppetry in China was placed on UNESCO’s representative list of the intangible cultural heritage of humanity. It serves to pass down China’s cultural history while entertaining the community.

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32
Q

example of enhanced cultural services

A

SanJiangYuan nature reserve in Qinghai province in China.

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33
Q

negative impacts of tourism on society and culture (3)

A
  1. Commodification of culture
  2. Cultural Clashes
  3. Rise in Crime
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34
Q

What is commodification

A

Treatment like a product that can bought or sold, causing them to lose their cultural values

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35
Q

Example of cultural clashes

A

Uluru in Alice Springs, Anangu Tribe believes that the landscape was created by ancestral beings. When tourists climb and pick the rock, it is considered to be disrespectful to locals, possibly causing a conflict.

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36
Q

Example of rise in crime

A

Pickpocketing in the Lourve Museum in Paris due to large crowds and poor security control

37
Q

Example of interaction between locals and tourists
(Thailand)

A

The Kayan Lahwi long neck tribe in northern Thailand depend on tourism for a living. Entrance fees result in Commodification, the women wearing the gold coils are taken as exhibits for locals, invading their privacy and eroding their cultural practices

38
Q

Positive impacts of tourism on the environment (2)

A
  1. Conservation of natural environments and preservation of biodiversity
  2. Restoration of degraded ecosystems
39
Q

why does tourism enable conservation of natural environments

A

Locals and Government can see the benefits of preserving the environment so they use the money earned from the destination to fund the protection of the local environment

40
Q

example of preservation of natural environment and biodiversity (equador)

A

Entrance fees of US$100 for visitors entering the Galapagos National Park in Equador, revenue earned is then used to hire park rangers and maintain the park.

41
Q

why tourism enables the restoration of degraded ecosystems

A

local communities see the importance and start to restore these ecosystems like waste disposal

42
Q

Example of restoration of degraded ecosystems

A

Tourism in Costa Rica contributes significantly to the GDP, where the main attraction is hiking/animal watching. Deforestation beforehand has removed the forest cover, but the benefit of tourism is recognised so efforts are put in to restore the forest cover.

43
Q

Negative impacts of tourism on the environment (4)

A
  1. Air Pollution
  2. Land and Water Pollution
  3. Depletion of natural resources
  4. Threats to wildlife habitats
44
Q

how does tourism cause air pollution

A

fossil fuels are burnt for thins like transportation and air-con, GHG released, causing climate change.

45
Q

example of land and water pollution

A

Boracay Island in the Philippines has at least 200 local business not connected to the sewage system, throwing sewage directly into the water.

46
Q

Example of depletion of natural resources

A

Bali, Indonesia, Hotels and resorts use up a lot of the water, causing rivers to dry up, water prices to increase.

47
Q

Example of threats to wildlife habitats

A

Maldives, water bungalows were developed, rock and sand is thrown into the water which suffocates the corals.

48
Q

What are the 5 different stakeholders in tourism development

A

Governments, International organisations, Locals, Tourists, Businesses

49
Q

What can governments do to ensure sustainable tourism development (2points)

A
  1. establishing policies and creating plans
  2. Enforcing regulations
50
Q

(Gov) example of establishing policies and creating plans

A

Sentosa Singapore, government brings together different stakeholders to develop a series of plans to enable the island to become more sustainable

51
Q

(Gov) example of enforcing regulations

A

Bhutan, tourists can only enter the country by organising their trips with licensed tour operators who are tasked with ensuring tourists adhere to laws and regulations to minimise the negative impacts like ensuring tourists trek on designated trails.

52
Q

Limitations of the (Government) in ensuring sustainable tourism development (2points)

A
  1. poor enforcement
  2. decision to priortise economic develpment
53
Q

example of a (international organisation) in enabling sustainable tourism development

A

Sustainable Travel International (Palau Island)
Palau plans to become the world’s first carbon-neutral destination in collaboration with the government and Sustainable Travel International and Slow Food
“Palau Pledge” states that tourists will be fined for harming the environment or being disrespectful to local culture.

54
Q

Limitations of (International Organisations) in achieving sustainable tourism development (2points)

A
  1. Lack of understanding of local contexts
  2. Lack of funding as most of these are non-profit organisations
55
Q

(businesses) example, achieving sustainable tourism development

A

Quicksilver cruises in Australia (GBR)
works with the planning authorities to promote ecotourism. Marina Biologists observe and monitor marine ecosystem which helps to manage the GBR.

56
Q

why do (businesses) want to achieve sustainable tourism

A

They typically have incentives to do so like profits for their own businesses and they also have the financial to influence sustainable tourism development

57
Q

Limitations of (Businesses) (2points)

A
  1. compromising on sustainable practices to survive
  2. Differing understanding and ways of measuring sustainability
58
Q

How do (locals) influence sustainable tourism development (2points)

A
  1. seeking advice from other stakeholders regarding sustainable tourism practices
  2. Participate in decision making
59
Q

(Locals) example in seeking advice from other stakeholders

A

SG, “tourist guide code of conduct and ethics” provide guidelines for tour operators to treat tourists well. They also get info from tourists themselves on where are the popular places.

60
Q

Limitations of (Locals) (2points)

A
  1. They lack the financial aid
  2. priortising economy benefits over sustainability
61
Q

How tourists influence sustainable tourism development (2points)

A
  1. developing a genuine interest in the tourist destination and seeking to enhance its environment, nature, culture and economy
  2. Interacting responsibly with the environment and people when they travel
62
Q

(tourist) example of developing a genuine interest in the tourist destination

A

Tiger Tops Elephant camp in Nepal
Elephants can walk freely around and tourists can observe them in their natural habitat. Revenue from tourism used to upkeep the animals and provide education to locals

63
Q

(tourist) example of interacting responsibly with the environment and people when they travel

A

Bali, Indonesia. Tourists must dress modestly when visiting religion sites.

64
Q

Limitations of (tourists) in influencing sustainable tourism development (2points)

A
  1. Some sustainable tourism options might be out of their budget
  2. Lack of clear info on which options are actually sustainable
65
Q

What is eco-tourism

A

sustainable tourism that takes place in nature areas which aims to conserve the environment, benefit locals, increase benefits for economy, social and environment

66
Q

1st strategy to implement eco-tourism

A

Educate and increase tourists’ appreciation of nature

67
Q

2nd strategy to implement eco-tourism

A

Implementing measures to minimise impact on the environment

68
Q

what kind of eco-tourism has more services

A

soft eco-tourism

69
Q

what kind of eco-tourism has a smaller number of tourists

A

hard eco-tourism

70
Q

what kind of eco-tourism is more comfortable for tourists

A

soft eco-tourism

71
Q

example of eco-tourism

A

The Galapagos Island in Equador charges an entry fee of US$100 dollars per person, which is then used to fund conservation projects. There is a tour guide stationed at each site and locals provide homestays.

72
Q

Limitations of eco-tourism

A
  1. Uncertainty over continuity of efforts in conservation as place becomes too popular and harder to manage
  2. Uncertainty over local involvement where locals lack the skills to be employed
73
Q

Briefly describe what is Community-based tourism

A

CBT is arranged by local communities that give tourists a chance to stay with the locals, learning about they daily life and culture, keeping the profits earned and reducing income leakage.

74
Q

Example of CBT (agriculture)

A

Candirejo village in Java, Indonesia, villages conduct agricultural tours to share about their farming livelihood and promote organic farming and fruit harvesting opportunities for tourists

75
Q

Example of CBT (homestays)

A

Malaysia Homestay Programme. Tourists can experience the local culture by staying with them, cooking traditional food/celebrating festivals.

76
Q

3 strategies to implement CBT

A
  1. Encourage local community to partake in decision making for tourism development
  2. Implement measures to increase social and economic benefits to locals
  3. Educate and increase tourists’ appreciation of local cultures and protection of the environment
77
Q

Limitations of CBT (2)

A
  1. Loss of culture
  2. competition with large-scale tourism development
78
Q

example of loss of culture (CBT)

A

Yurts in kyrgyzstan have been modified to include modern beds for tourists for homestays to make it more comfortable for them but it loses its cultural meaning

79
Q

example of competition with large scale tourism development (CBT)

A

Thanh Ha pottery in Vietnam, Hoi An, facing competition from more established pottery industries in central Vietnam, they lacked skilled pottery artisans

80
Q

briefly describe Pro-poor tourism (PPT)

A

PPT is a form of tourism that reduces poverty and benefits the poor

81
Q

2 strategies to implement PPT

A
  1. Training the locals (poor) to learn new skills and get jobs in the tourism sector
  2. Increasing access to micro-finance which is a type of banking for the poor
82
Q

example of PPT

A

The Three Parallel Rivers region in China
A UNESCO World Heritage Site, authorities help to fund, locals start businesses in the tourism industry so they can earn an income to improve their SOL

83
Q

Limitations of PPT (2)

A
  1. Inability to significantly reduce poverty as compared to direct investment in social services
  2. Economic benefits may be highly unevenly distributed, where most benefits are gone to the non-poor locals
84
Q

example of the economic benefits being unevenly distributed in PPT

A

with the support of the Asian Development Bank (ADB), 6 countries sharing the Mekong river undertook a joint tourism project in 2005 to reduce poverty in the region. Tourism revenues and employment did indeed increase but most of these benefits were concentrated in 1 country and mostly to the non-poor locals.

85
Q

How to ensure equitable distribution of tourism benefits (2)

A
  1. Implement effective tourism management to ensure the tourism benefits are enjoyed by all stakeholders
  2. Minimising negative trade offs
86
Q

example of minimising negative trade-offs

A

Maya Bay in Thailand
Trade-off between a healthier environment versus a decrease in economic activity. A quota is placed on the destination so stakeholders have to minimise the trade-offs and accept it.

87
Q

example of ensuring that demands to not exceed the supply of resources

A

In Bali, hotels were developed so water supply was directed to tourism. 65% of Bali’s water go to tourism so not enough water for the poor, affect rice farming and agriculture

88
Q

example of stakeholders working together

A

Sentosa Island Singapore, photovoltaic cells placed all over the island to gear towards the use of renewable energy to achieve carbon-neutral status

89
Q

example of tourist destination regions managing demand

A

Waitomo Caves in NZ
The CO2 in the caves are monitored regularly and the cave will be closed off to tourists if it exceeds the limit. Locals are employed to be staff in the cave and income is earned.

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