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geography > Singapore > Flashcards

Singapore Flashcards

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1
Q

Singapore has a mass of about _____

A

700km sq

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2
Q

height above sea level of singapore

A

15m above sea level, with the highest point being Bukit Timah Hill at 164m

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3
Q

Singapore’s climate

A

tropical equitorial climate

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4
Q

Singapore’s 4 nature reserves

A
  1. Bukit Timah nature reserve
  2. Central Catchment nature reserve
  3. Sungei Buloh Wetland reserve
  4. Labrador nature reserve
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5
Q

_______ tides in Singapore which means __ high tides a day

A

semi-diurnal, 2

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6
Q

Example of marine habitats

A

rocky shores, sandy beaches and seagrass meadows

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7
Q

where is the last rocky shore in singapore

A

Labrador

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8
Q

where are sandy beaches located in SG

A

east-coast park

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9
Q

where are mangroves mainly located in SG

A

Sungei Buloh wetland reserve

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10
Q

where are coral reefs located in SG

A

in the islands south of SG

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11
Q

Singapore’s economy is _______

A

diversified due to multiple processes like manufacturing, finance and professional services

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12
Q

Why do people want to come to Singapore

A

globalisation and good location

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13
Q

Singapore became independent on _________

A

9 August 1965

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14
Q

Singapore joined ASEAN in _______

A

8 August 1967

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15
Q

Singapore’s vulnerabilities

A
  1. Limited natural resources (food/water/energy insecurity)
  2. Changing demographics (decreasing birthrate, ageing population, increasingly diverse society, labour shortages and economic slowdown)
  3. External shocks and global uncertainties (Financial crisis, geopolitical tensions, pandemics, Rapid technological change and climate change)
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16
Q

example of Singapore’s food insecurity

A

SG imports 1/3 of its chickens from Malaysia so we faced a shortage when they stopped exporting to us in 2022

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17
Q

Example of energy insecurity in Singapore

A

due to the Russia-Ukraine war, there is a uncertainty in oil supplies from Russia, causing oil prices to rise, causing inflation worldwide, increasing production costs and consumer prices in SG

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18
Q

Singapore’s median age

A

29.6 years in 1990 to 42.6 years in 2022

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19
Q

Example of Financial crisis affecting SG

A

During the AFC in 1997-1998, SG’s economy suffered due to our close economic links with other Asian countries, causing financial loss on businesses and individuals. 62000 people were unemployed in 1998 compared to 34000 in 1997

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20
Q

Example of geo-political tensions

A

War in Ukraine, Israel-Hamas War

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21
Q

projection of sea level rise near SG

A

Sea level is projected to rise between 0.38m and 0.79m by 2100, threatening our limited land and developed coastlines.

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22
Q

Example of SG’s resilience in facing national crisis

A

Haze in 2013, one of the worst haze conditions in SG’s history. NEA provided regular updates on air quality, MOH provided guidance on how to protect oneself and the People’s Association worked with GRCs to distribute masks to more vulnerable groups.

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23
Q

Example of SG’s resilience in facing economic recessions

A

During the AFC in 1997-1998, companies bankrupted and people lost their jobs. The Govt lowered operational costs for businesses, provided relief to individuals and households and gave commercial/industrial properties a 40% tax rebate

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24
Q

Example of how Singapore adapts to its vulnerabilities (land reclaimation)

A

Marine Parade and East-Coast area were from a major land reclaimation project in the 1960s and 1980s. A soon-to-be Long Island is in progress.

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25
Q

Singapore’s three food baskets

A
  1. Diversifying food sources
  2. Growing locally
  3. Growing overseas
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26
Q

example of growing locally

A

apollo aquaculture farm

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27
Q

example of growing overseas

A

Sky Greens ventured in Thailand and China and exports produce back into SG

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28
Q

How Singapore thrives

A
  1. Competitive economy
  2. High quality of life
  3. Sustainable environment
29
Q

Example of extreme weather events

A

1 April 2022, 36.8 degrees recorded, 2nd hottest in SG

30
Q

example of effect on public health due to climate change

A

Worst dengue outbreak in 2020, >35000 cases and 28 deaths

31
Q

Example of threat to biodiversity and greenery due to climate change in SG

A

2016 coral bleaching in SG, lasted 6 months and 12-20% of corals died

32
Q

Example of water insecurity in Singapore

A

Imported water from Malaysia supplies half of SG’s water needs. In June 2016, water levels at Linggiu reservoir in Johor dropped to a historic low of 33% and then 50% in 2019 due to climate change, affecting water supply in SG

33
Q

7 impacts on SG due to climate change

A
  1. Sea level rise
  2. Extreme weather events
  3. Effect on public health
  4. Urban heat island effect
  5. Threat to biodiversity and greenery
  6. Threats to food security
  7. Threats to water security
34
Q

Example of innovation in land reclaimation

A

SG using the Dutch polder strat at Pulau Tekong, creating a tract of reclaimed land from the sea by constructing a dike and a network of dams, water pumping systems and canals.

35
Q

briefly describe innovation in coastal management

A

man-made strats like seawalls and Marina Barrage work hand in hand with natural strats like mangroves and coral reefs to protect coastlines

36
Q

Example of innovation in heath resilience in SG

A

Singapore releases male aedes mosquitoes that had been infected with the Wolbachia bacteria. Female Aedes mosquitoes that mate with these wolbachia mosquitoes will hatch eggs that cannot hatch.

37
Q

Example of innovation in high-tech farming

A

Sky Greens uses a vertical farming system, producing 5x more crops than a conventional farm and is also easier to maintain.

38
Q

Example in investment in water technologies

A

in 2003, NEWater was created, using a process of filtration techniques to produce clean and drinkable water used mainly for non-domestic purposes.

39
Q

opportunities for SG (climate change)

A
  1. Innovation in land reclaimation
  2. Innovation in coastal management
  3. Innovation in health resilience
  4. Investment in high-tech farming
  5. Investment in water technologies
40
Q

Distance from SG to the nearest plate boundary

A

more than 500km away (Sunda Megathrust)

41
Q

Singapore is protected from tsunamis by the _________

A

Indonesian Archipelago which weakens incoming waves

42
Q

Example of SG being protected by the Indonesia Archipelago

A

during the 9.1Mw EQ (Indian Ocean Tsunami) killed more than 230000 people in 14 different countries while SG remains mostly unharmed due to the Sumatra landmass in Indonesia

43
Q

Example of volcano eruption affecting SG

A

Eruption of Mt. Pinatubo in Philippines in 1991 blew ash to Singapore where it stayed for around 3 weeks. SG >2300km away from Mt. Pinatubo

44
Q

Why is SG prone to liquefaction caused by tremors

A

22% of SG is built on reclaimed land where they lie on weaker rocks. Mainly the Southern and Eastern parts of SG will be affected, Marina Parade and Changi Airport also lie on reclaimed land so they are more vulnerable.

45
Q

Why is SG prone to coastal floodings

A

SG is mainly low-lying so we are vulnerable to coastal floodings during Tsunamis.

46
Q

Example of National preparedness plans for tectonic hazards

A

SCDF installed 300 sirens around SG to alert people in case of an emergency or disaster

47
Q

Example of use of technology to monitor tectonic movements

A

7 seismographs stations around the country to monitor any ground movements, tsunami warning system also put in place.

48
Q

Example of partnerships with countries on disaster response and recovery

A

SCDF deploys 80 staff in the Operation Lionheart team round the clock, quickly responding to any request for disaster aid relief like the Turkey-Syria EQ in 2023.

49
Q

Vulnerability of SG to tectonic hazards

A
  1. Distance from plate boundaries
  2. Indonesian Archipelago
  3. Distance from volcanoes
50
Q

Economic impacts of tourism on SG

A

more demand for goods and services in SG

51
Q

Example of social impacts of tourism on SG

A

Singapore Institute of Technology has proposed integrating SG’s last remaining village, Kampung Lorong Buangkok with the part connector network, creating opportunities for guided tours

52
Q

Environmental Impact of tourism on SG

A

more tourists like to visit environmentally friendly places, giving SG a head start as it is already a clean and green society.

53
Q

Example of ecotourism in SIngapore

A

guided tours at Chek Jawa wetlands

54
Q

Impacts of tourism on SG

A
  1. Economic impacts
  2. Social impacts
  3. Environmental impacts
55
Q

Challenges faced by Singapore (tourism)

A
  1. Regional competition
  2. Discerning visitors
  3. Ageing populations
  4. Resource constraints
  5. Threats from global uncertainty
56
Q

Example of threats from global uncertainty affecting tourism in Singapore

A

A massive ash cloud from the Taal volcano eruption in 2020 affected at least 37 flights between Sg, Manilla and Philippines.

57
Q

Opportunities of tourism in SG

A
  1. Benefits due to growing Asia
  2. Partnerships with stakeholders to spearhead place making initiatives
  3. Trailing sustainability solutions
  4. Developing skilled workers
58
Q

an early investment made by the SG Govt

A

SG borrowed US$25 million from the world bank to build its first incineration plant in 1973

59
Q

How marina barrage helps in building resilience

A

it helps to alleviate flooding in low-lying areas in the city and also serves as the 1st freshwater reservoir in the heart of the city. it has also been designed as a recreational community.

60
Q

5 steps of integrated master planning

A
  1. Think long-term
  2. Fight productively
  3. Build in flexibility
  4. Executing effectively
  5. Innovate systematically
61
Q

5 points of Dynamic Urban Governance

A
  1. Lead with vision and pragmatism
  2. Build a culture of integrity
  3. Cultivate sound institutions
  4. Involve the community as stakeholders
  5. Work with markets
62
Q

Adaptation measures (sustainable development)

A
  1. Protecting our coasts from sea level rise
  2. Ensured continued water supply for all
  3. Transforming into a city in nature
  4. Ensuring a resilient food supply
63
Q

Example of protecting our coasts from sea level rise

A

2020, the Building and Construction Authority (BCA) carried out shoreline restoration works using a geo-bag wall system to stabilise a section of the beach at East-coast park

64
Q

4 national taps

A
  1. Imported water
  2. Water from local catchment
  3. NEWater
  4. Desalinated plants
65
Q

Example of ensuring continued water supply

A

Soon, PUB will complete the 5th NEWater plant and also build our 3rd and 4th desalination plant in Tuas and Marina East while exploring a 5th plant on Jurong island.

66
Q

Example of transforming into a city in nature

A

Naturalised rivers and Bishan-AMK park

67
Q

Example of ensuring a resilient food supply

A

Sky Greens vertical farming and importing from overseas

68
Q

Mitigation measures for sustainable development

A
  1. Greening the transport sector
  2. Cleaner forms of power generation

geography (5 decks)

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