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CPL AERODYNAMICS > Total Drag > Flashcards

Total Drag Flashcards

1
Q

What is Skin Friction Drag?

A

-Skin Friction is caused by air sticking to the surface as it passes the aircraft

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2
Q

What are the two sections of Parasite Drag?

A
  • Skin Friction

- Form Drag

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3
Q

What is Form Drag?

A
  • Form Drag is caused by air getting out of the way

- Form Drag can be reduced by changing the shape of the object

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4
Q

What is Induced drag?

A
  • Induced drag is caused by the modification to airflow as it interacts with any LIFT- PRODUCING surface
  • The main source of induced drag is spanwise flow deflection of airflow
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5
Q

What is streamlining?

A

-Altering the shape of the object to reduce drag

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6
Q

What design features keep drag low?

A
  • Wheel spats
  • Wing root fairings
  • The streamlined cross-section for lift struts
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7
Q

How do you reduce induced drag?

A

-Keep wingtip as small as possible

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8
Q

What affects the amount of parasite drag experienced by aircraft?

A
  • Speed
  • AOA
  • Position of flaps and undercarriage
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9
Q

What happens to parasite drag as speed increases?

A

Parasite Drag Increases

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10
Q

What is the rate that parasite drag increases with speed?

A

Parasite drag equals the square of the speed

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11
Q

What is spanwise flow?

A

Sideways deflection of airflow

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12
Q

What is an Eddie?

A

Deflected airflow from top and bottom surface meet at the tip to form small scale vortices

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13
Q

What two factors affect how much air spills across the wingtip and therefore the degree of vortex?

A
  • Magnitude of pressure difference

- Time available for air to complete journey

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14
Q

At low speeds; is tip vortex and spanwise flow less or more?

A

Greater

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15
Q

Does Induced drag increase or decrease as speed increases?

A

Decreases as speed increases

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16
Q

What is Low aspect ratio?

A
  • Short Span

- Long Chord

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17
Q

What is a high aspect ratio?

A
  • Long Span

- Short Chord

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18
Q

Does a low or high aspect ratio wing have a higher stallin g angle?

A

Low aspect ratio wing has higher stalling angle

19
Q

Does a high or low aspect ratio wing produce the most lift at the same Angle of Attack and Speed?

A

High Aspect ratio wing produces the most lift

20
Q

What is wake turbulance?

A

-Vortices which trail behind large aircraft tend to create large amounts of roll or yaw for following aircrafts

21
Q

Which direction do Vortices rotate from the left wing?

A

Clockwise

22
Q

Which direction do Vortices rotate from the right wing?

A

Anticlockwise

23
Q

How fast do vortices sink?

A

400-500fpm

24
Q

When do Vortices tend to stabalise?

A

900 ft below flight path

25
Q

At what height do vortices tend to stop sinking and move horizontally at about 3 or 4 knots?

A

At about 200ft

26
Q

In stable conditions how long can vortices persist?

A
  • Commonly 3 minutes

- At height; they may persist for 5 minutes

27
Q

How far do the trails of vortices extend?

A

2-5 miles

28
Q

Will vortices be present if no lift is being produced?

A

No

29
Q

How far c an thrust stream and jet exhaust extend behind heavy aircraft?

A

500m

30
Q

Are vortices more or less pronounced with flaps extended?

A

Less pronounced

31
Q

What configuration creates the most wake turbualnce?

A

Slow speed and Flap extended

32
Q

Separation standard reference?

A

AIP ENR 1.4 Para 9.2.2

33
Q

Separation Standards for:

Light Aircraft landing behind Heavy aircraft

A

3 minutes
or
6nm

34
Q

Separation Standards for:

Light aircraft landing opposite direction to departing heavy

A

2 minutes
or
6nm

35
Q

Separation Standards for:

Light Aircraft departing after heavy

A

2 minutes
or
6nm

36
Q

Separation Standards for:

Light aircraft taking off from mmre than 150m from heavy aircrafts commencement of takeoff run

A

3 minutes
or
6nm

37
Q

At low speed what drag is higher?

A

Induced drag

38
Q

At high speed what drag is higher?

A

Parasite Drag

39
Q

If an aircraft is flown at the minimum total drag speed what will it achieve?

A
  • Max range in nil wind conditions
  • Best Air Nautical miles per gallon
  • Least gallon per nautical mile
  • Best lift/ drag ratio
  • Best gliding range in nil wind conditions
40
Q

What phases of flight are vortices present?

A

From lift off to touch down

41
Q

Lateral drift rate of vortices once at ground level?

A

3- 4 knots

42
Q

Minimum distance to avoid rotordownwash?

A

3 rotor diamaters

43
Q

Wake turbulance is worst when….

A

A heavy aircraft is flying slowly

CPL AERODYNAMICS (13 decks)

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