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Italian Wine Scholar > Toscana > Flashcards

Toscana Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the important rose appellations of Toscana?

A

Barco Reale di Carmignano Rosato (vin ruspo)

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2
Q

What are key features of Tuscanys overall reputation?

A

-Cultural - Renaissance 14 - 16c
-Top tourist destination and agricultural importance
-Most exported winegrowing region
-Rivals Piedmont in awards and ratings

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3
Q

What does Toscana mean?

A

From Latin Etruria (Estrucan inhabited)
Etruria - Tuscia - Toscana

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4
Q

What were important historical events of Estrucans in Tuscany?

A
  1. Settled in 9 BC
    (domesticating and training vines)
  2. 7 BC Commercial trade to Spain & France
  3. 3 BC defeated by Romans
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5
Q

What are key historical events in Toscana post-Romans?

A
  1. Monastic orders preserved viticulture after Roman Fall
  2. Communi/city-state development
  3. 13 - 16c Rinascimento. End of Middle Age, begining of Modern Age
    -Firenze control of the region
  4. Kingdom of Sardegna
  5. 19c oidium and phylloxera
  6. Post WWII mezzadria abolished
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6
Q

Who was Cosimo I de Medici?

A

The first Grand Duke of Firenze

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7
Q

What did Cosimo III do for the wine industry?

A

Edict to protect Toscana wines
Delimited Chianti, Pomino, Carmignano and Val D’Arno di Sopra

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8
Q

Who ruled Toscana after the Signoria?

A

House of Lorena (Lorraine, France) until Kingdom of Sardegena

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9
Q

What producers is Tacchis associated with?

A

Sassicaia
Tignanello, Solaia (Antinori)

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10
Q

When was the wine renaissane? What practices were put into place?

A

1980s in Tuscany
Lower yields
Better clones
New, modern equipment, cellar hygiene
Super Tuscans

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11
Q

Who is Giulio Gambelli?

A

Il Maestro Assagiatore (master taster)
Sangiovese father

Monetvine’s Le Pergole Torte
Soldera
Brunello di Montalcino: Case Basse, Poggio di Sorto

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12
Q

What is the largest central region (by size)?

A

Toscana
373 mi on Ligurian/Tyrrehnian coast

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13
Q

What is the topographical breakdown of Toscana?

A

67% hills - majority of planting sites
25% mountains (Northern Apenines)
8% Plains - alluvial or inland valleys

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14
Q

What is maremma

A

Historic-geographic area between Tuscany and Lazio

Divided into Northern/Alta
Southern/Grossetana
Laziale

-generally hills and plain marshland

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15
Q

What is the largest river in Toscana?

A

Arno: from the Apenine’s to Ligurian sea

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16
Q

What is the climate in Toscana? What are climatic challenges?

A

Mediterrean to the west, continental east and south
Inland - temperature extremes in summer/winte
Drought can be a problem - Corsica blocks humidity

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17
Q

What are the two rock types in Toscana?

A

Galestro - schist-like, crumbly eg Chianti Classico, Rufina, Monalcio

Alberese - fine grain marl, southern Toscana

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18
Q

What type of wine and grape is Toscanas most planted?

A

Reds - 80%
Sangiovese*, most widely planted - 60%

*difficult to grow. Early budding, late ripening, clusters susceptible to rot

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19
Q

Where did Sangiovese originate? What it is a cross of?

A

Most likely southern Italy

Ciliegeo x Calabrese Montenuovo

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20
Q

What are the synonyms of Sangiovese?

A

Morellino Grosso

Chianti Classico

Brunello (Montalcino)

Prugnolo Gentile (Montepulciano)

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21
Q

What are the key characteristics of Canaiolo?

A

Historically the red grape of Tuscany (pre-18th c)
Now mainly blending partner
-Soften sangiovese

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22
Q

What grape name means “small cherry”?

A

Ciliegiolo
(Sangiovese blending partner)

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22
Q

What does Colorino mean?

A

Little colored one

Deepens colors of Chianti or VN Montepulciano

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23
Q

What is Aleatico related to?

A

Moscato Bianco (muscat a petit grains)

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24
Q

What is the most widely planted white grape in Toscana?

A

Trebbiano Toscano (Ugni Blanc)
-Vin Santo
-Traditionally 1 of 2 white grapes allowed in Chianti blend

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25
Q

After Trebbiano, what other white grape was allowed in Chianti blends?

A

Malvasia Bianca Lunga (Malvasia di Chianti)
-Vin Santo - body, perfume

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26
Q

What does Vernaccia mean?

A

Indigenous

Ancient Tuscan white grape from San Gimignano

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27
Q

After Sangiovese, what are the most planted grapes in Tuscany?

A
  1. Merlot
  2. Cabernet Sauvignon
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28
Q

What did the Consorzio of Chianti Classico do?

A

In 1980s project”Chianti Classico 2000” Developed high quality clones focused on lower yields and higher quality fruit

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29
Q

What are the most common training systems in Toscana?

A

Archetto (Guyot variation)

Cordone Speronato (spur cordon)

Guyot

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30
Q

What are other names for estates in Tuscany? (4)

A

Podere - farm
Fattoria - farm
Poggio - knoll
Castello - castle

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31
Q

What are the main grapes in Vin Santo from Tuscany?

A

Trebbiano Toscana
Malvasia Bianca Lunga
-Passito style
-Traditionally pressed during holy week (aka Vin Santo)

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32
Q

What is Vin Santo Occhio di Pernice?

A

“Partridge eye”
Rare pink vin santo made from Sangiovese

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33
Q

How is Vin Santo made?

A

-Healthy grapes appassimento on racks, mats, or rafters
-Dry until Dec - March
-Pressed after sugar level reached
-Slow, long fermentation in 4/5 filled caratelli (50L) chestnut, oak, acacia, cherry, or juniper
-Caratelli stored in lofts - vinsantaie
-Can be made in all sweetness levels. Dry is least common

34
Q

What is madre?

A

“Mother” - thick deposits of wine-soaked lees and yeast. Often will be included in caratello

35
Q

What is cantucci?

A

Hard almond cookie often eaten with Vin Santo

36
Q

What is the difference between Vin Santo and Vino Santo?

A

-Locations: Vin Santo -Toscana); Vino Santo - Trentino
-Grapes: Trebbiano v Nosiola
-Vino Santo - usually sweeter and lower alcohol

37
Q

Describe Toscanas wine industry

A

Produces 6% of Italy’s wine volume
90% of production is red
65% DOC/G, 35% IGT, remaining no origin
-11 DOCG
-41 DOC
Second to Piedmont in total DOC/G

38
Q

What wines can be labeled as Toscana IGT?

A

Super Tuscans
non-super Tuscan (red & white)
One of the largest IGT by volume and value

39
Q

Describe the soils and climate of Bolgheri (Northern Tuscan Maremma)

A

Mediterranean to more mild inland on hills
Diverse soils: Alluvial with gravel, pebbles and marine content
-Most vineyards located on flat lands

40
Q

Where does sassicaia gets its name?

A

“Sassi” stony sites. Soils similar to stoney, gravely soils in Graves, FR

41
Q

Who started sassacaia and when?

A

Marchese Mario Incisa della Rochetta
In 1940s, moved from Piedmont, interested in making wines similiar to Bordeaux styles. One of the first uses of small barrels for maturation in Italy
-Planted Cabernet (Sauvignon & Franc) on sassi

42
Q

When was the first commercial vintage of Sassicaia released? By who?

A

1972 Release, 1968 vintage

Initially Vino de Tavola until 1994 until icluded in Bolgheri DOC. 2013 seperate DOC

Antinori (Marche’s cousin) with held of Giacomo Tachis

43
Q

What is the blending requirement for Bolgheri Sassicaia DOC?

A

80% Cab Sauv
24 month aged, 18 in oak

44
Q

What is a Super Tuscan?

A

An unofficial designation for red wines made with international grapes and/or non-traditional blending aged in new small French oak

Started in Bolgheri, popularized in Chianti

45
Q

What are the typical grapes in Bolgheri DOC?

A

White - vermentino
Rose
Red/Rosso - released after Sept 1 year after vintage:
Cab Sauv, Merlot, Cab Franc, Petit Verdot, Syrah, Sangiovese
Usually made in Bordeaux style, small oak

46
Q

What region in Tuscany is similiar in climate and soil to Bogheri?

A

Val di Cornia. Bordeaux style grapes

Light to heavy alluvial soils, climate milder

47
Q

What are the 2 DOCG and grapes in Val di Cornia?

A

Val di Cornia Rosso - Sangiovese, Cab Sauv, Merlot

Suvereto - all reds, Cab, Merlot, Sangiovese

48
Q

What are the grapes and requirements for Montecucco DOC? Monetcucco DOCG?

A

DOC - Sangiovese; Trebbiano

DOCG - 90% Sangiovese, 1 yr wood
-25 MGAs allowed on label

49
Q

What is the most well known wine of Southern Maremma?

A

Morellino di Scansano

85% Sangio (Morellino)
15% Alicante (Cannonau) Ciliegiolo, Merlot

Usually soft, fruit forward

50
Q

What is the local name for Sangiovese in Southern Maremma?

A

Morellino

51
Q

What is Italy’s 3rd largest island?

A

Elba

52
Q

What famous historical wine comes from Elba?

A

Red Aleatico, sweet passito

Known by Medici, Napoleon (exiled there 1814 - 1815)

53
Q

What are the blending requirements for Elba Aleatico Passito DOCG?

A

100% Aleatico
10 days min air drying

54
Q

Where does Tuscany rank in area under vine? Production?

A

4th largest area under vine
7th largest in production

55
Q

Where is the Accademia dei Georgofilli? When was it founded?

A

Firenze
1753 - oenological studies

56
Q

What are the rivers in Tuscany?

A

Arno
Ombrone
Orcia

57
Q

What does Vernaccia mean?

A

Native or indigenous (grape)

Vernaccia di San Gimignano is its own grape. It is not related to other vernaccia’s

58
Q

What are the differences in wines from Chianti and Chianti Classico

A

Chianti: 70% Sangiovese, 30% other allowed including up to 10% white
*except Colli Senesi must be 75% Sangio

Classico: 80% Sangiovese, 20% red (usually Canailo Colorino, Merlot, Cab Sauv)

59
Q

What are the names of the Chianti sub-zones?

A

Rufina - smallest and prestigious
Montalbano: overlaps Carmignano
Montespertoli
(4) Colli - Aretini, Fiorentini, Pisane, Senesi

60
Q

What are the requirements for Vin Santo del Chianti DOC?

A

-Comes from Chianti region
-White: Trebbiano or Malvasia
-Rose: Sangiovese (Occhio di Pernice)
-Riserva aged 4 years
-Sub-zones can make own Vin Santa

61
Q

What is the history of Chianti Classico?

A

Historic center (Chianti Storico) between Florence and Sienna
1384 League of Chianti established boundaries
14th Century wine producing recorded - Canaiolo based
1716 demarcated region by Cosimo III
1872 Baron Bettino’s blend 70% Sangio /15% Caniolo Nero/15% Malvasia
1927 - consorzio historic zone formalized with Gallo Nero
1996 - independent DOCG with up to 100% Sangio allowed
2006 - white wines banned from blend

62
Q

Describe topography and soils of Chianti Classico

A

-Fertile hills and valleys
-Eastern side - higher elevation = elegant, perfumed, higher acid and tannins
-Western side - lower hills - fuller, richer, less acid and tannins
-Continental climate
-Galestro and alberese and sandstone soils

63
Q

Name the categories and aging requirements of Chianti Classico

A

Classico/Annata - released Oct 1 after harvest. 12%

Riserva - 24/3. 12.5%

Gran Selezione - single vineyard, 30/3. 13%. lab tested

64
Q

What is the history of Brunello di Montalcino?

A

16th c sweet white wines from Moscato
18th c Brunello, Clemente Santi experiments with red wine, longer maceration, monoculture
19th c Ferrucio Biondi (grandson) destemmed grapes, disease resistance, Slovenian oak

65
Q

What is the topography and climate of Montalcino?

A

Square shaped by rivers
Hills, slopes, ridges
Mediterranean = more ripeness so more Sangio in blend
-Soils: marine deposits, gravel and stone

66
Q

What are the requirements for Brunelo di Montalcino DOCG?

A

100% Sangiovese
4 years: 2 years oak/4 month bottle (Longest aging requirement in Italy)
Riserva: 5 years: 2y/6mo

67
Q

What is the history of Vino Nobile di Montepulciano?

A

Roman times: wines reknown
Wines began to decline
1930s Adamo Fanetti revived
1980 - DOC elevated to DOCG - one of the first due to historic reknown

68
Q

What are the requirements for Vino Nobile di Montepulciano DOCG?

A

70% Prugnolo Gentile (Sangiovese) remaining any allowed Tuscun grapes, max 5% white
Min 12.5% 24/12

Riserva 13% 36/12

69
Q

What is the traditional versus modern winemaking approach in Toscana?

A

Traditional: higher proportions of Sangiovese blended with local (Cannaiolo, Colorino, Mammolo), long aging in large botti

Modern: blend with international (Merlot, Cab, Syrah) in small French oak

70
Q

!! Montepulciano !!

A

Montepulciano = Grape variety from Abruzzo

Vino Nobile di Montepulciano - Tuscany wine, sangiovese based
Rosso di Montepulciano - Tuscany, sangiovese based

Montepulciano d’Abruzzo - Abruzzo

71
Q

Name the Vin Santo appellations in Tuscany

A

Vin Santo di Carmignano DOC (white and red)
Vin Santo del Chianti Classico (dry - sweet, white and red)
Vin Santo del Chianti (white and red)
Vin Santo di Montepulciano (white and red)

72
Q

What are the requirements for Carmignano DOCG?

A

50% Sangiovese / 10 - 20% Cabernet Sauv and/or Cab Franc
-Released after June 1 second year after harvest 1.5 years)
8 month wood aging

73
Q

What is unique about Carmignano?

A

Traditional use of Cabernet grapes Sauv and Franc with Sangiovese
-Lower elevation than Chianti
-Included in Cosimo III delimination

74
Q

What is the governo method?

A

Small portions of grapes left to air dry and used in a second fermentation
-Adds body, alcohol, and softness
-Practiced with Sangiovese

75
Q

Who influenced Tuscany’s modern winemaking techniques

A

Tacchis - Sassicaia, Solaia
Gambelli - Brunello, Le Pergole (Sangio based)

76
Q

What are the traditional and modern grapes of Montecarlo

A

Traditional - Trebbiano
Modern - French varietals

77
Q

What is the appellation on volcanic soils in Toscana?

A

Bolgheri

78
Q

What is another name for Trebbiano Toscana?

A

Ugni Blanc

79
Q

What does vin ruspo refer to?

A

To draw off - farmers taking 1- 2 demijohns before delivery

80
Q

What is the only white DOCG in Toscana?

A

Vernaccia di San Gimignano

81
Q

What are the requirements for Brunello di Montalcino?

A

100% Sangiovese
4 years aging (2 oak, 2 bottle) longest in Italy

82
Q

What is the second wine of Montalcino? What are its requirements?

A

Rosso di Montalcino
100% Sangiovese
Released Sept 1 after harvest. No aging requirements

Brunellos can declassify

83
Q

What zone of production does San Gimignano overlap with?

A

Chianti

Italian Wine Scholar (23 decks)

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