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Italian Wine Scholar > Foundation > Flashcards

Foundation Flashcards

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1
Q

How did the Estruscans help Italy’s viticulture and wine history?

A
  1. Taught local tribes wine growing, winemaking, and preservation techniques
  2. Alberata/Maritata all’Albero using trees to train vines. Allowed poly-crop planting training systems
  3. Developed wine trade and exportation
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2
Q

How did the Greeks help Italy’s viticulture and wine history?

A
  1. “Oenotria” - southern wine region
  2. Alberello low-head training techniques
  3. Turned wine into essential commodity
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3
Q

How did the Romans help Italy’s viticulture and wine history?

A
  1. Improved & refined Estrucan & Greek techniques
  2. Popularized and spread vine crops through parts of Europe (Spain, Rhône, Rhine)
  3. Made Italy center for wine production & trade
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4
Q

How did conquering tribes in Italy influence wine regions?

A

-Viticulture and wine culture declined:
-Lombards: controlled northern regions, some central & southern
-Eastern Roman Empire- central and Papal States
-Sicily- Arab & Norman rule

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5
Q

How did the Dark Ages impact Italy’s wine industry?

A

-Wine production significantly dropped
-Trade became dangerous
-Wine culture was saved by monasteries

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6
Q

How did the discovery of the Americas impact Italys wine regions?

A

Mediterranean trade routes lost importance and decreased Italy’s economic and social development

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7
Q

What was instrumental to Italys unification in 1861?

A

House of Savoy/Duchy of Savoy obtained Sardegna. Because Kingdon of Sardegna

-Kingdom of Sardegna + Resurgimento led to unification

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8
Q

How did phylloxera shape Italy’s wine regions?

A

-Destroyed and replanted considerable international varieties
-Many indigenous varieties were lost completely

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9
Q

What were the major 20th century events that shaped Italy’s modern wine industry?

A

-1950s/1960s: consumer class demand for wine
-1963 DOC created to regulate & protect wine industry
-Abolition of “mezzadria” share-cropping

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10
Q

Give the structure of European Union wine laws 

A

(Bottom to top)
Generic
Generic w/ grape and/or vintage
PGI (with geographical indication)
PDO (with geographical indication)

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11
Q

Italian Wine Laws structure

A

(Bottom to top)
Vino- Generic
Vino- Generic w/ grape and/or vintage
PGI/IGP (traditionally IGT)
PDO- DOC or DOP
PDO - DOCG

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12
Q

DOC labeling requirements

A

-PDO
-From delimited geographical area
-Follow discipliaire, less stringent than DOCG
-Lab tested
-Blue fascetta/sigillo (seal) optional
-332 (+/-) DOCs

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13
Q

DOCG Labeling requirements

A

PDO, highest classification
-Delimited geographical area, usually smaller than DOC
-Stringent discipliaire production requirements including type, production cycle, variety, yield, min potential alcohol, final alcohol & aging
-Laboratory tested + blind tasting
-Gold fascetta/sigillo (seal)
-Min 10 years as DOC
74 DOCGs

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14
Q

IGT Labeling requirements

A

-Middle quality
-Defined by area made, usually large province(s) or region(s)
- 85% of grapes from stated region
-85% of production from stated region
-Can state IGP (EU term) or IGT (It. Term)
-118 IGTs

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15
Q

What information can be on a vini Label? What varieties are allowed?

A

Vini = Generic wine.

-Country of origin
-Can be labeled by color, variety (85% min) variety (85%)
-7 permitted varieties: Cab Franc, Cab Sauv, Cabernet (CS + CF) Merlot, Syrah, Chardonnay, Sauvignon Blanc

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16
Q

DOC/DOCG Regulations

A

-Labeling terms
-Grape variety
-Geographical boundaries
-Viticulture practices:
planting density, pruning/training, max yields, min ripeness aka potential alcohol)
-Winemaking practices:
Min final alcohol, oak and/or bottle ageing
-Chemical-physical parameters (acidity, sugar)
-Organoleptic parameters (color, aroma, flavor)

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17
Q

Sottozona requirements

A

Sub-zones within in a DOCG or DOC
-Special climate, topography, soils OR historical tie
-labels can list subzone and/or subzone and grape

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18
Q

What is a consorzio?

A

Voluntary association of producers, merchants and cooperatives that represent interests of wine district or sub region
-Create disciplinaire
-legally regulated

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19
Q

What is the Disciplinare di Produzione?

A

Legal document defining IGT, DOC, and DOCG growing and production rules

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20
Q

EU Mandatory Labeling Terms

A
  1. Name of Appellation
  2. Name of quality designation (eg DOC)
  3. Country of origin
  4. Vintage (harvest year)
  5. Name and location of bottler
  6. Batch indication
  7. Alcohol level
  8. Volume of liquid e 
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21
Q

What part of Europe is Italy located in?

A

Southern

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22
Q

What is the topography of Italy?

A

35% Mountains: Alps and Apennine’s

42% Hills: Prealps; Central and southern along Apenine
Volcanic, sedimentary, morainic

23% Plains: Padana (Po Valley), Tavoliere d’elle Puglie (Puglia)

Seas: Mediterranean - Adriatic, Ionian, Tyrrhenian, Liguarian
Rivers, lakes

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23
Q

How do Italian mountain ranges effect climate?

A

-Extends the growing season. One of the latest harvest times in Europe
-Helps maintain acidity
-Helps maintain aroma

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24
Q

How do seas effect Italy’s climate?

A

-Mediterranean provides warmth and humidity
-Tyrrhenian is deep and large and exerts more moderating influence on Western Italy

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25
Q

What are the sedimentary areas of Italy and how did they form?

A

Sediment: formed through accumulation and cémentation
Alluvial (rivers) - gravel & sand : Padana Plain
Marine - limestone, calcaereous, dolomite: Alp regions - Langhe, Valpolicella, Collio, Colli, Conegliano, Valdobbiadene, Chianti, Montalcino

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26
Q

Define orogenesis

A

Formation of mountain ranges.
-Created sedimentary soils

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27
Q

Define moraine and where they are found

A

Sediment that was transported by a glacier; creates a mound
-Northern Piemonte, Franciacorta, Valtellina, Lake Garda

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28
Q

How is metamorphic rock formed and where is it found?

A

Sedimentary or igneous Rock exposed to high temperatures and pressure which changes rock structure
-Commonly found in mountainous regions - Sardegna, Calabrian, northeast Sicily and Alps

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29
Q

What are the volcanic areas of Italy?

A

Sardegna,
Alps
Veneto prealps
Toscana
Lazio
Basilicata
Campania

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30
Q

How is Italy divided politically?

A

5 autonomous: Valle d’Aosta, Trentino-Alto Adige, Friuli VG, Sicily, and Sardinia, following historical lines
Regions > Provinces (provinci) >Municiplaties (comum)

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31
Q

How did the mezzadria system impact Italy’s wine development?

A

Mezza- half of the profit of rented farm land went to the owner
-Dominant system of crop growing in Italys development
-While it was legal, quantity and multiple crops were the focus, not quality
-Little money to invest in equipment or method advancements
-After abolished, focus on higher quality clones and vines

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32
Q

Define alberata system and where it is used.

A

Tying a vine to a tree (vine married to a tree)
-This method transferred to pergola:
-Trentino Alto Adige
-veneto
-Romagna
And Tendone in southern regions

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33
Q

How are Italy’s native grape varieties important to the wine industry?

A

-Native varieties represent 1/4 of worlds cultivated grape varieties
-Give grape growers unique, non-replicable wines
-Most are late-ripening and need warm conditions

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34
Q

What events led to the planting of international varieties in Italy?

A

-French and German cuttings brought in 19th century: Pinot, Chardonnay, Cabernet Franc, Merlot
-After phylloxera outbreak (early 20th cent), grafted onto French varieties and indigenous varieties not replanted
-1970s - 1990s; Pinto Grigio, Chardonnay, Sauvignon Blanc, Cabernet Sauvignon, Syrah and rise of super Tuscans

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35
Q

What are the most widely planted varieties overall and where are they grown?

A
  1. Sangiovese: Tuscany, Romagna, elsewhere
  2. Montepulciano: Abruzzo
  3. Catarratto Blanco: Sicily
  4. Merlot: Veneto, n/e Italy
  5. Trebbiano: Tuscany
    Other reds: Barbera, Nero d’Avola
    Other whites: Chardonnay (for sparkling), Glera, Pinot Grigio
    100 varieties widely cultivated
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36
Q

List the common sparkling winemaking techniques

A

-Tank: Metodo Martinotti
-Traditional: aka Metodo Classico or Talento
-Frizzante: fizzy, 1 - 2.5atm
-Regional methods: Franciacorta, Trento - strict yield and lees aging requirements
-Ancestral: Rifermentazione naturale in bottiglia

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37
Q

White winemaking methods traditional v. Modern

A

Traditional: must fermentation
Modern, light: stainless steel, cool, long fermenation
Cultured yeast
Filtration & centrifugation
Modern, complex: stainless steel or wood
Short, cold maceration

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38
Q

Red winemaking methods traditional v modern

A

Traditional: oak fermentation, long
Punching down
Long oak maturation in Slavonian oak or chestnut casks

Modern: stainless steel, oak or both fermentation
Pumping over, cap submerging or rotofermenters
Shortened maceration
Small, new oak or large neutral casks

39
Q

Winemaking enhancement rules

A

Chaptalisation: disallowed
Must enrichment: allowed when listed in disciplinare with MCR for poor vintages
Acid addition: Zone CII (some northern, central, and some southern) CIIIb, allowed (south)
Deacdifiy: Zone C1 - Valle d’Aosta, CII (north, central, some southern)

40
Q

Methods for creating Rosato

A

direct press
Bleeding the tank (salasso)

41
Q

Define passito

A

A sweet wine made from semi-dried grapes

42
Q

Define recioto

A

A sweet wine made from semi-dry grapes in the Veneto area

43
Q

What were the ancient civilizations that influenced Italy’s wine development? When did they rule?

A
  1. Etruscans Antiquity - 8th century BC
  2. Greeks 8 - 6 BCE
  3. Romans 4th BCE - 5C AD
44
Q

Who was Carlo ALberto?

A

King of Savoy
1798 - 1849

45
Q

Who was Count Camilo Benso di Cavour?

A

Important in Piedmont unification of Italy
1818 - 1861

1861 - first Prime Minister

Dry Barolo

46
Q

Who was Vittoria Emanuelle II?

A

King of Italy during unification
1820 - 1878

47
Q

When was DOC appellation originally enacted (decade)?

A

1960s (1963)

48
Q

Which was the first appellation to receive DOC?

A

Vernacci di San Gimignao
1966

49
Q

When was the first DOCG enacted?

A

1980

50
Q

Who was Giacomo Tachis?

A

Wine Renaissance - Sangiovese development in Toscana

51
Q

Who was Mario Schiopetto?

A

Wine renaissance: white wine technique development in Friuli

52
Q

Who was Angelo Gaja?

A

Wine renaissance: popularized Barberesco in Piedmont

53
Q

Who was Giorgio Lungarotti?

A

Wine renaissance: development of Sangiovese in Umbria

54
Q

Who was Anotonio Mastroberardino?

A

Wine renaissance: important in saving native varieties in Irpinia, Campagnia

55
Q

Who was Séverine Garofano?

A

Wine Renaissance in Puglia

56
Q

Define classico

A

Type of subzone
-Usually original historic area
-Longstanding tradition or reputation for particular wine

57
Q

Define MGA

A

More specific area of production w/in DOC/G
usually used for labeling terms
Typically smaller than a subzone
Similar to “cru”

58
Q

Name the regions that make traditional method sparkling wines

A

Franciacorta
Trento
Oltrepo Pavese Metodo Classico
Alta Langa DOC

59
Q

Name the tank method appellations

A

Asti
Conegliano Valdobbiadene Prosecco Superiore
Asolo Prosecco Superiore DOCG
Prosecco DOC
Lambrusco
Brachetto d’Acqui

60
Q

Name the appellations the use Ancestral method sparkling wines

A

Lambrusco
Conegliano Valdobbiadene Prosecco Superiore

61
Q

Name the main passito style appellations

A

Valle d’Aosta (fletri)

Erbaluce di Caluso {Piemonte}

Cinque Terre Sciacchetra {Liguria}

Moscato di Scanzo {Lombardia}

Romagna Albana {ER}
Colli Piacentini Malvasia {ER}
Colli Piacentini Vin Santo {ER}

Trentino vin Santo

Reciotos (Soave, Gambellara, Valpolicella) {Veneto}
Breganze Torcolato {Veneto}
Colli Euganei Fior d’Arancio {Veneto}

Colli Orientali del Friuli Picolit {FVG}
Ramandolo {FVG}

62
Q

Name the 5 sweet Nothern whites effected by Noble Rot

A

Romagna Albana {Albana}
Trentino Vino Santo {Nosiola}
Recioto di Soave {Garganega}
Breganze Torcolato {Vespaiola}
Recioto della Valpolicella {Corvina, Corvinone, Rondinella}

63
Q

Name the principal Rosatos of Northern Italy (4)

A

Riviera del Garda Classico Chiaretto {Lombardia}
Bardolino Chiaretto {Veneto}
Lagrein Kretzer {Alto Adige}
Oremasco di Pornassio Sciactra {Liguria}

64
Q

Which northern region is most closely associated with Schiava?

A

Alto Adige
Trentino

64
Q

Which northern region is most closely associated with Lambrusco varieties?

A

Emilia Romagna
Lombardia

64
Q

Which norther region is most closely associated with Sangiovese?

A

Emilia-Romagna
Liguria

64
Q

Which norther regions are most closely associated with Turbiana?

A

Lombardia (Trebbiano di Lugana)
Veneto (Trebbiano di Soave)

65
Q

Which northern region is most closely associated with Pinot Bianco?

A

Trentino
Alto Adige

66
Q

Which norther region is most closely associated with Muller Thurgau & Gewurztraminer?

A

Alto Adige
Trentino
Valle d’Aosta (M-T only)

67
Q

Which northern regions are associated with Pinot Nero?

A

Valle d’Aosta
Lombardia
Alto Adige

68
Q
A
69
Q

What are the top 3 regions in Italy for total DOC/DOCGs?

A
  1. Piedmont
  2. Toscana
  3. Veneto
70
Q

When did the Kindgom of Italy form?

A

1861

71
Q

Tai Rosso is a synonym for

A

Cannanou

72
Q

Which northern region does not have a continental climate?

A

Valle d’Aosta - alpine. Liguria - Mediterranean

Trenton and AA have contintal because of moderating effects of lakes and alps blocking air. Some of Veneto is Mediterranean but as a whole continental

73
Q

What vine training system did Estrucans introduce?

A

Alberata/Vite Maritata all’Albero

-Vines trained high on or between trees

74
Q

What vine training system did the Greeks introduce?

A

Alberello

-Low bush training

75
Q

Who was instrumental in unification of Italy in 1861?

A

The House of Savoy with resurgimento movement unified into Kingdom of Sardena

76
Q

Who were the pioneer producers in Toscana?

A

Tenuta San Guido - Sassicaia

Capezzana - Carmignano

Ricasoli - Chianti Classico

Antinori - Tignanello (Super Tuscans)

Biondi-Santi - Brunello di Montalcino

77
Q

Who were the key producers in Umbria?

A

Lungarotti -Torgiano

Arnaldo Caprai - Montefalco

78
Q

Who are the key producers in Marche?

A

Fazi Batteliga

79
Q

Who are the key producers in Campania?

A

Mastroberardino - Irpinia

Villa Matilde, Moio - Falerno del Massico

80
Q

Who is the key producer in Puglia?

A

De Castris - Rosato/Salento (5 Roses)

81
Q

Who is the key producer in Calabria?

A

Librandi - Ciro

82
Q

Which regions in Central Italy have volcanic soil?

A

Bolgheri (Toscana)

Orvieto (Umbria)

Frascati (Lazio)

83
Q

What regions in southern Italy have volcanic soils?

A

Vulture (Basilicata)

Etna, Lipari, Pantelleria (Sicilia)

Falerno del Massico, Vesuvius, Campi Flegrei (Campania)

84
Q

What is the main plain in southern Italy?

A

Tavoliere delle Puglie

85
Q

What are the major lakes and rivers in central and southern Italy?

A

Lakes: Trasimeno
Bolsena
Bracciano

Rivers: Arno
Tevere
Volturno

86
Q

What is archetto?

A

Vine training technique

Variation on guyot

Balances vigor throughout wine

87
Q

What are the principal rosatos of Central/Southern Italy?

A

Barco Reale di Carmignano Rosato

Cerasuolo d’Abruzzo

Castel del Monte Bombino Nero DOC
Salice Salentino DOC
Salento IGT

88
Q

Name the principal sweet wines of Central and Southern Italy

A

Vin Santo - Chianti/Classico, Montepulciano, Carmignano
Elba Aleatico Passito DOCG

Montefaclo Sagrantino Passito DOCG
Orvieto Muffa Nobile

Lacrima di Morro d’Alba Passito
Verdicchio di Castelli di Jesi Passito DOC

Cannellini di Frascati DOCG

Greco di Bianco

Primitivo di Manduria Dolce Naturale

Marsala
Passito di Panhellenic & Moscato di Panhellenic
Malvasia delle Lipari Passito & Malvasia delle Lipari

Malvasia di Bosa

89
Q

What regions had Roman crus?

A

Lazio - Caecubum

Campania - Falernum

Silicia- Mamertinum

90
Q

What is the Greek and Roman style of wines?

A

Sweet, alcoholic

Diluted with water (sea water), resin, herbs, spices

Italian Wine Scholar (23 decks)

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