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NEURO > Topography of the Brain > Flashcards

Topography of the Brain Flashcards

1
Q

What is a nervous “tract”?

A

Fibre pathway passing through the CNS carrying a specific modality

(eg. motor fibres/pain sensation)

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2
Q

What is white matter and what is grey matter?

A

White matter - myelinated axons

Grey matter - neuronal cell bodies

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3
Q

What are collections of neuronal cell bodies inside and outside of the CNS called?

A
  • Inside CNS: nucleus

- Outside CNS: ganglion

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4
Q

What are the ventricles of the brain?

A

Spaces within the brain that are filled with CSF

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5
Q

What are the four ventricles of the brain and where are they?

A
  • 2 lateral ventricles (L&R), within each cerebral hemisphere
  • III ventricle, within the diencephalon
  • IV ventricle, between pons, medulla and cerebellum
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6
Q

Where does the internal carotid artery enter the skull to supply blood to the brain?

A
  • the foramen lacerum (carotid canal)
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7
Q

Where do the vertebral arteries enter the skull to supply the brain? What arteries are they a branch of?

A
  • through the foramen magnum

- Branches of the subclavian arteries

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8
Q

What is the function of the circle of Willis?

A

Protection against occlusion of large arteries supplying the brain

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9
Q

Which arteries contribute to the circle of Willis?

A
  • Internal carotid arteries

- Vertebral arteries (via Basilar artery)

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10
Q

What are the branches of the ICA supplying the brain?

A
  • Anterior cerebral artery
  • Middle cerebral artery
  • Posterior communicating artery
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11
Q

What parts of the brain does the anterior cerebral artery supply?

A

Medial aspect of cerebral hemispheres, excluding the occipital lobe

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12
Q

What parts of the brain does the middle cerebral artery supply?

A

Lateral aspect of the cerebral hemispheres

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13
Q

What parts of the brain does the posterior cerebral artery supply?

A

Inferior aspect of the cerebral hemispheres, and the occipital lobe

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14
Q

Describe the venous drainage of the brain

A

Superficial and deep veins of the brain drain into sinuses which lie between the 2 layers of the dura mater

The sinuses then join and ultimately drain to the internal jugular veins

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15
Q

SLIDE ON EMBRYOLOGY - take a look

A

cba right now

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16
Q

What role does the brainstem play in providing innervation to the body?

A
  • Pathway for tracts connecting the higher & lower centres
  • Brainstem nuclei involved with 10/12 cranial nerves (III-XII)
  • Responsible for producing the rigidly programmed automatic behaviours essential for survival
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17
Q

Where is the medulla?

A

At the base of the brainstem, anterior to the cavity of the IV ventricle

Continues as spinal cord past the foramen magnum

18
Q

Which cranial nerves emerge from the surface of the medulla?

A

CN IX, X, XI, XII

19
Q

How is the medulla connected to the cerebellum?

A

Via the inferior cerebellar peduncle

20
Q

What are some of the surface features of the medulla?

A
  • Pyramids and their decussation
  • Olives
  • Inferior cerebellar peduncle
  • Cranial nerve roots (IX - XII)
21
Q

Two parts of the medulla and their relationship to the IV ventricle?

A
  • Cranial part (superior), open with the IV ventricle posteriorly
  • Caudal part (inferiorly), closed around the IV ventricle
22
Q

What cavity is posterior to the pons of the brainstem?

A

The IV ventricle

23
Q

3 divisions of the brainstem?

A
  • Midbrain
  • Pons
  • Medulla
24
Q

Surface features of the pons?

A
  • Middle cerebellar peduncle

- Cranial nerves V, VI, VII, VIII

25
Q

What is the central cavity within the midbrain? Function?

A

The cerebral aqueduct

  • Connects the III and IV ventricles
26
Q

What penduncles are attached to the midbrain?

A

Both cerebellar and cerebral

27
Q

Which cranial nerves originate at the midbrain?

Which of the two originates posteriorly?

A
  • CN III & IV

- CN IV is the only cranial nerve to originate posteriorly

28
Q

Surface features of the midbrain?

A
  • CN III & IV
  • Cerebellar peduncle
  • Cerebral peduncle
  • Corpora quadrigemina (four colliculi)
29
Q

What are the superior colliculi of corpora quadrigemina responsible for?

A

Visual reflex

30
Q

What are the inferior colliculi of the corpora quadrigemina responsible for?

A

Auditory reflex

31
Q

What separates the right and left hemispheres of the cerebellum?

A

The Vermis

32
Q

How many lobes make up each cerebellar hemisphere?

Names of the lobes?

A

3

  • Anterior lobe
  • Posterior lobe
  • Flocculonodular lobe
33
Q

What are the folds and grooves on the surface of the cerebellum called?

A

Sulci and Folia

34
Q

How many cerebellar peduncles are there?

A

3 pairs

35
Q

What information is input into the cerebellum before it determines how to react?

A
  • Motor intention of brain from pyramidal tracts
  • Information from ipsilateral proprioceptors from periphery
  • Information from vestibular nucleii (balance/posture)
36
Q

Function of the cerebellum?

A

Calculate the best way to coordinate force, direction and extent of muscle contraction to maintain posture, prevent overshoot and ensure smooth coordination of muscle contractions

37
Q

What structures make up the diencephalon?

A
  • Thalamus
  • Hypothalamus
  • Epithalamus
  • Subthalamus
38
Q

What embryological structure does the diencephalon develop from?

A

The diencephalic vesicle

39
Q

Where is the thalamus located? What is its main function?

A
  • Either side of the III ventricle

- Functions as a sensory relay station

40
Q

What are the main groups of nucleii in the thalamus?

A
  • Anterior
  • Medial
  • Lateral (processing sensory information)
41
Q

What separates the hypothalamus and the thalamus?

A

The hypothalamic sulcus

42
Q

What is the main visceral control centre, essential for homeostasis, in the brain?

A

The hypothalamus

NEURO (52 decks)

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