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NEURO > Cranial Nerves > Flashcards

Cranial Nerves Flashcards

1
Q

Why are there not any sympathetic nerve fibres in the cranial nerves?

A

Because their outflow is thoracolumbar, whereas the parasympathetic outflow is craniosacral

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2
Q

What types of nerve fibres can be found in cranial nerves?

A
  • Somatic motor fibres (striated muscle)
  • Autonomic nerve fibres (parasymp - smooth m. & glands)
  • Visceral sensory (afferent inputs from baroreceptors etc)
  • General sensory (afferent from skin & mucous memb)
  • Special sensory (eg. taste, smell)
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3
Q

Difference in neuron anatomy between somatic motor and autonomic motor fibres?

A
  • Somatic have cell bodies inside the CNS
  • Autonomic have cell bodies inside the CNS, but then synapse again before their target at the pre/post ganglionic junction
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4
Q

What is CN I? Function? Anatomical pathway?

A
  • Olfactory
  • Sense of smell
  • Receptors in epithelium of nasal cavity, fibres pass through foraminifera in cribriform plate and join olfactory bulb in anterior cranial fossa
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5
Q

What is CN II? Function? Anatomical pathway?

A
  • Optic nerve
  • Vision
  • Enters skull via optic canal, forms optic chiasm and fibres from medial half of each retina cross to form optic tract. Then fibres to LGN (lateral geniculate nucleus) and on to occipital lobe
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6
Q

Describe the pathophysiology of papilloedema

A

Increased ICP - ICP matches the venous pressure but not the arterial pressure of retinal circulation
Means blood can get into the eye but not out, oedema

  • Can cause blindness via optic nerve compression
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7
Q

What is CN III? Describe its anatomical pathway

A
  • Oculomotor

- Emerges from midbrain and exits through the superior orbital fissure

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8
Q

What are the components of the oculomotor nerve?

A
  1. Somatic motor fibres - extraocular muscles and Levator palpebrae superioris (4/6 of them)
  2. Autonomic motor - controls constriction of pupil and innervates ciliaris muscle (lens accommodation)
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9
Q

What are some of the clinical applications of damage to the oculomotor nerve?

A
  • Drooping eyelid
  • Eyeball abducted and pointing down
  • No pupillary reflex
  • No lens accommodation
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10
Q

What is CN IV? Anatomical pathway?

A
  • Trochlear

- Begins on dorsal (posterior) surface of the midbrain and exits via superior orbital fissure

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11
Q

Components, function and clinical applications of the trochlear nerve?

A
  • Somatic motor fibres: innervate the superior oblique muscle (Abducts, depresses, internally rotates eyeball)
  • Diplopia when looking down (double vision)
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12
Q

What is CN VI? Anatomical pathway?

A
  • Abducens

- Emerges at ponto-medullary junction, exits via superior orbital fissure

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13
Q

Components, function and clinical applications of the abducens nerve?

A

Somatic motor - innervates the lateral rectus muscle

  • Damage results in medial deviation of the eye causing diplopia
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14
Q

What is CN V? What are its divisions?

A
  • Trigeminal

- 3 Divisions: opthalmic (1), Maxillary (2) and Mandibular (3)

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15
Q

Pathway and components of the opthalmic division of the trigeminal?

A
  • Emerges from the pons, travels through trigeminal ganglion, exits via superior orbital fissure
  • General sensory: from cornea, eyelid, forehead, scalp, nose and mucosa of nasal cavity and sinuses
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16
Q

Pathway and components of the maxillary division of the trigeminal?

A
  • Emerges from the pons, trigeminal ganglion and exits via foramen rotundum
  • General sensory: From face over maxilla, Maxillary teeth, TMJ, mucosa of nose, maxillary sinuses and plate
17
Q

Pathway and components of the Mandibular division of the trigeminal?

A
  • Emerges from pons, trigeminal ganglion, exits via foramen ovale
  • General sensory: Face over mandible, mandibular teeth, TMJ, mucosa from anterior 2/3 of mouth
  • Somatic motor: muscles of mastication, ant. belly of digastric, tensor veli palatini and tensor tympani
18
Q

Clinical applications of trigeminal damage?

A
  • paralysis of muscles of mastication
  • loss of corneal/sneezing reflex
  • Loss of sensation in the face
  • Trigeminal neuralgia (inappropriate sensations from nerves)
19
Q

Which branch of the trigeminal nerve carries motor fibres?

A

Mandibular branch

20
Q

What is CN VII? Anatomical pathway?

A
  • Facial nerve
  • Emerges from between pons and medulla, into internal acoustic meatus, through facial canal and exits via stylomastoid foramen (long route, injury susceptible)
21
Q

Motor components of the facial nerve?

A
  • Somatic motor: Muscles of facial expression & scalp, stapedius m, post. belly of digastric muscle
  • Autonomic motor: Parasympathetic innervation of glands of the face except the parotid
22
Q

Sensory components of the facial nerve?

A
  • Special sensory: Taste from anterior 2/3 of tongue and soft palate
  • General sensory: from external acoustic meatus
23
Q

Clinical application of damage to facial nerve?

A
  • Bell’s palsy: cannot frown, close eyelid or bare teeth
24
Q

What is CN VIII? Anatomical pathway?

A
  • Vestibulocochlear
  • Emerges at ponto-medullary junction, exits via internal acoustic meatus where it divides into vestibular and cochlear nerves
25
Q

Components and clinical applications of vestibulocochlear?

A
  • Special sensory: vestibular sensation of position and movement, hearing from cochlea
  • Tinnitis (ringing in ears), deafness, vertigo (loss of balance) and nystagmus (rapid eye movements)
26
Q

What is cranial nerve IX? Anatomical pathway?

A
  • Glossopharyngeal

- Emerges from medulla and exits via jugular foramen

27
Q

Components of the glossopharyngeal nerve?

A
  • Special sensory: taste from post. 1/3 of tongue
  • general sensory: cutaneous sensations from middle ear and posterior oral cavity
  • Visceral sensory: sensation from carotid body and carotid sinus
  • Autonomic motor: parasymp to parotid gland
  • Somatic motor: to stylopharyngeus (helps swallow)
28
Q

Clinical applications of damage to the glossopharyngeal nerve?

A
  • Loss of gag reflex and taste from back of tongue

- Associated with injuries to nerves X & XI bc they all go through the jugular foramen

29
Q

What is CN X? Anatomical pathway?

A
  • Vagus nerve

- Emerges from medulla, exits via the jugular foramen, then yeets about

30
Q

Sensory components of the vagus nerve?

A
  • Special sensory: taste from epiglottis and palate
  • General sensory: sensation from auricle, external acoustic meatus
  • Visceral sensory: from pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, heart, oesophagus, stomach, intestine
31
Q

Motor components of the vagus nerve?

A
  • Autonomic motor: parasympathetic innervation of muscle in bronchi, gut, heart
  • Somatic motor: to pharynx, larynx, palate and oesophagus
32
Q

Clinical application of damage to vagus nerve?

A
  • Difficulty swallowing and speaking
33
Q

What is cranial nerve XI? Anatomical pathway?

A
  • Accessory nerve
  • Small cranial pathway (medulla) and large spinal roots exit via jugular foramen (odd route - seems to initiate below cranium and move back into it, then exit)
34
Q

Components and clinical complications associated with the accessory nerve?

A
  • Somatic motor: sternocleidomastoid and trapezius. Internet says laryngeal muscles as well
  • Weakness in turning the head and shrugging shoulder
35
Q

What is CN XII? Anatomical pathway?

A
  • Hypoglossal nerve

- Emerges from medulla and exits through the hypoglossal canal

36
Q

Components and clinical complications associated with the hypoglossal nerve?

A
  • Somatic motor: muscles of tongue

- Damage causes paralysis and atrophy of ipsilateral half of tongue, tip deviates towards affected side

NEURO (52 decks)

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