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NEURO > The Cerebral Hemispheres > Flashcards

The Cerebral Hemispheres Flashcards

1
Q

What are the main general surface features of the brain?

A
  • Sulcus (dip)
  • Gyrus (Elevation)
  • Fissure (larger dip)
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2
Q

What are the basal ganglia of the brain?

A

One collection of neuronal cell bodies buried in the white matter

(lentiform nucleus, caudate nucleus, putamen)

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3
Q

What are the cavities in each cerebral hemisphere?

A

Lateral ventricles

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4
Q

Where is the median longitudinal fissure?

A

Between the two cerebral hemispheres, separates them for the most part

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5
Q

What structure allows communication between the hemispheres of the brain? What is it composed of?

A

The corpus callosum

  • Commissural fibres

(anterior commissure, posterior commissure and fornix)

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6
Q

What are the different lobes of the brain?

A
  • Frontal
  • Parietal
  • Temporal
  • Occipital
  • Insular Lobe
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7
Q

What sulcus separates the frontal and temporal lobes of the brain?

A

Lateral sulcus

Sylvian Fissure

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8
Q

What sulcus separates the frontal and parietal lobes of the brain? Where is it located?

A

Central sulcus

  • Runs from the lateral sulcus to the median longitudinal fissure (lot of anatomical variation)
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9
Q

What structures are immediately anterior and posterior to the central sulcus?

A
  • Precentral gyrus (anterior): motor

- Postcentral gyrus (posterior): sensory

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10
Q

On the medial surface of the brain, what sulcus and gyrus are present?
Which lobes does this sulcus separate?

A
  • Cingulate sulcus and gyrus
  • Cingulate sulcus separates the frontal and parietal lobes from the cingulate gyrus, which is a part of the limbic system
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11
Q

What sulcus separates the parietal and occipital lobes?

What surface of the brain is this sulcus easily seen on?

A

Parieto-occipital sulcus

  • Seen on the medial surface of the brain, not visible from lateral view of the brain
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12
Q

What is the name of the structure that curls inwards at the distal end of the temporal lobe?

A

Hippocampus

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13
Q

How can most of the lobes be further separated?

A

Into superior, middle and inferior lobules/gyri

Frontal: superior, middle and inferior frontal gyri
Temporal: superior, middle and inferior temporal gyri
parietal: Superior and inferior parietal lobule

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14
Q

Where is the insula of the brain?

A

Deep within the lateral sulcus of the brain

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15
Q

Where are the transverse temporal gyri (Heschl’s convolutions) of the brain?

A

Within the lateral sulcus of the brain (inferior)

  • Occupy Brodmann’s area 41 & 42
  • Primary auditory complex
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16
Q

What are the divisions of Brodmann’s areas based on?

A

Histological differences between different parts of the brain

(form often relates to function - seems to largely be the case here)

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17
Q

Broadly, what are the anterior, medial and posterior aspects of the cerebral hemispheres responsible for?

A

Anterior - Motor function, intellect

Medial - memory and information retrieval

Posterior - Sensory function

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18
Q

Are both hemispheres equal in different tasks?

A

No

There is a dominant hemisphere for every person that is usually the first to tackle problems

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19
Q

What are primary sensory areas closely linked with?

Function of each?

A

Adjacent association areas

Primary sensory relays information from peripheries and association areas compare and interpret it (eg. selecting a particular coin out of your pocket)

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20
Q

What is Brodmann area 4 of the brain called? What is it responsible for?

A
  • Precentral gyrus

- Primary motor cortex, somatotopic representation of contralateral half of the body

21
Q

What does somatotopic representation mean?

A

Point for point correspondence of an area of the body to a specific point on the CNS

22
Q

What are Brodmann’s areas 6 & 8 responsible for?

A

Planning complex movements

23
Q

What are Brodmann’s areas 44 & 45 called?

A

Broca’s area of motor speech

  • Speech production
24
Q

Where is the prefrontal cortex?

Functions?

A
  • Anterior part of the brain

- Cognitive functions, intellect, judgement, prediction, planning

25
Q

Where are Brodmann areas 3, 1 and 2?

What are they responsible for?

A
  • Post-central gyrus

- Responsible for primary sensory feedback

26
Q

What is the superior parietal lobule responsible for?

A

Interpretation of general sensory information

27
Q

What is the inferior parietal lobule responsible for?

A
  • Interface between somatosensory cortex and visual and auditory association areas
  • In dominant hemisphere, contributes to language functions
28
Q

Where are areas 41 & 42?

What is their function?

A
  • Superior temporal gyrus (Heschl’s convolutions)

- Primary auditory cortex

29
Q

Where is the auditory association area? What is it called?

A

Just posterior to areas 41 & 42

Called Wernicke’s area

30
Q

Where does the temporal lobe receive the sense of smell from? Which nerve?

A
  • Receives fibres from the olfactory tract on the inferior surface of the lobe
  • Piriform cortex
31
Q

Where is Wernicke’s area located?

A

Posterior to primary auditory cortex, ONLY on the dominant hemisphere

Auditory cortexes are bi-lateral but Wernicke’s is uni-lateral

32
Q

Where is area 17? What is it responsible for?

A
  • On the medial surface of the occipital lobe, on either side of the calcarine sulcus
  • Primary visual cortex
33
Q

Where are areas 18 & 19? What are they responsible for?

A
  • Occipital lobe

- Visual association cortex, interpretation of visual images

34
Q

Where is the limbic lobe? What structures does it include?

A
  • Medial surface of cerebral hemisphere, below cingulate sulcus
  • Includes the cingulate gyrus, hippocampus, parahippocampal gyrus, fornix and the amygdala
35
Q

What is the function of the limbic lobe?

A

It’s involved in memory and emotional aspects of behaviour

36
Q

Lobes of the brain and their functions? (broad)

A
  • Prefrontal: intellect
  • Frontal: Motor
  • Parietal: Sensory
  • Occipital: Vision
  • Temporal: smell, hearing
37
Q

What is Aphasia?

A

Problems with speech due to damage to the speech areas of the brain

  • Affects the production or comprehension of speech
38
Q

Difference between Broca’s aphasia and Wernicke’s?

A

Broca’s is the motor speech area, while Wernicke’s is auditory association

Therefore Broca aphasia: misses words etc. but is able to recognize difficulties in own speech

Wernicke’s: fluent speech with random words, doesn’t know they are saying the wrong words

39
Q

What part of the brain is damaged in Broca’s aphasia?

In Wernicke’s?

A

Broca’s - frontal lobe damage

Wernicke’s - temporal lobe damage

40
Q

What are the 3 types of myelinated axon fibres bundled into tracts? Functions?

A
  • Commissural fibres (connect hemispheres)
  • Association fibres (connect cortical areas within same hemisphere)
  • Projection Fibres (connect cortex to spinal cord)
41
Q

Commissural fibres allow communication between?

A

Corresponding areas of two hemispheres

corpus callosum

42
Q

Association fibres allow communication between?

A

Connect one part of the cortex with the other

43
Q

Projection fibres allow communication between?

A

Between cerebral cortex and subcortical centres (out to spinal cord)

Pass through corona radiata and internal capsule

44
Q

What type of fibres make up the internal capsule? Where is the internal capsule?
Artery that supplies the internal capsule?

A
  • Projection fibres
  • Between the thalamus and caudate nucleus medially and lentiform nucleus laterally
  • MCA (frequently affected in stroke)
45
Q

What are the different basal ganglia?

A
  • Caudate nucleus
  • Lentiform nucleus (putamen & globus pallidus)
  • Substantia nigra (in the midbrain)
  • Subthalamic nucleus
46
Q

What is the defining characteristic of the caudate nucleus? (appearance)

A
  • Has a long tail moving dorsally through the brain
47
Q

Which is the most lateral subsection of the lentiform nucleus?

A
  • The putamen

Globus palladius lies medially

48
Q

Which basal ganglia are the input regions?

Which are output regions?

A
  • Input: caudate nucleus and putamen (receive input from thalamus, motor and premotor cortexes)
  • Output: Globus palladius and substantia nigra
49
Q

What is the major function of the basal ganglia?

A

Regulation of the initiation and termination of movements

NEURO (52 decks)

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