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Theme 1: Fundamental Neuroscience and the Brain > Topography of the brain > Flashcards

Topography of the brain Flashcards

1
Q

Development of the brain- neurolation

A

Neuroectoderm cells receive inductive signals from notochord

Cells thicken to form neural plate

Lateral neural plate margins fold inwards to form neural tube

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2
Q

Neural crest cells differentiate into

A
  1. Neurones and glia of the sensory and autonomic nervous system
  2. Cells of the adrenal gland
  3. Epidermis
  4. Skeletal/ connective tissue of the head
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3
Q

Mantle layer becomes

A

Brain parenchyma

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4
Q

Ependymal layer

A

Lines ventrciles

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5
Q

Lumen becomes

A

Ventricles and central canal

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6
Q

Neural tube defects

A

Anencephaly

Spina bifida

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7
Q

Anencephaly

A

Failure of anterior neuropore to close

Whole of the forebrain is exposed

Fatal

1/1000 pregnancies

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8
Q

Spina bifida

A

Failure of posterior neural tube to close

Gap in the spine

2/1000 pregnancies

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9
Q

Expansion of cranial end to form main brain regions

A

Prosencephalon- forebrain

Mesencephalon- midbrain

Rhomencephalon- hindbrain

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10
Q

Prosencephalon

A

Telencephalon- cerebral hemisphere

Optic vesicles- eyes

Diencephalon- thalamus/ hypothalamus

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11
Q

Rhombencephalon

A

Metencephalon- pons/ cerebellum

Myelencephalon- medulla

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12
Q

Forebrain

A

Cerebral hemispheres- telencephalon

Thalamus/ hypothalamus- diencephalon

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13
Q

Brainstem

A

Midbrain and hindbrain

Contains

  • cranial nerve nuclei within all three regions
  • vital respiratory and CV centres
  • vomiting centre
  • nuclei involved with motor control, sleep
  • white matter tracts
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14
Q

Midbrain

A

Cerebral peduncles
- white matter tracts connecting pons with diencephalon

Superior collculus
- eye movements

Inferior colliculus
- relay nuclei

Red nuclei
- motor coordination between cortex and cerebellum

Substantial nigra

  • dopaminergic neurone
  • part of basal ganglia
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15
Q

Hindbrain

A

Pons- metencephalon

Cerebellum- metencephalon

Medulla- myelencephalon

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16
Q

Grey matter

A

Mainly neuronal cell bodies

Processing parts of the brain

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17
Q

White matter

A

Mainly myelinated axons (reason why its white)

Connect regions of grey matter together

18
Q

Telencephalon

A

Comprises the cerebral hemisphere/ cerebral cortex components of the limbic system and the basal ganglia

19
Q

Cerebral hemisphere

A

Divided into lobes

  • frontal
  • temporal
  • parietal
  • occipital
20
Q

Cerebral cortex

A

Outer layer of cerebral hemisphere

Folded to form gyri and sulci

  • lateral sulcus (divides temporal from parietal lobe)
  • precentral gyrus (motor)
  • Central sulcus (divides frontal from parietal lobe)
  • postcentral gyrus (sensory)
21
Q

Corpus callosum

A

White matter tract linking cerebral hemisphere

Split into genu, body and splenium

22
Q

Deep brain structures

A

Lots of brain nuclei and white matter tracts deep to cerebral hemisphere

Interconnected to form important neural pathways including

  • limbic system (emotion and memory)
  • basal ganglia (posture and voluntary movement)
23
Q

Limbic system

A

Spans the telencephalon and diencephalon

Main components

  • cingulate cortex
  • fornix
  • hypothalamus
  • mammillary bodies
  • amydala
  • hippocampus
24
Q

Fornix

A

Semi circular white matter tract connecting the hippocampus with the mammillary bodies

25
Q

Hippocampus

A

Looks like a sea horse

Sits on floor of lateral ventricle

26
Q

Basal ganglia

A

Series of interconnected nuclei at base of forebrain

Corpus striatum- (letniform nuncleus and caudated nucleus)

Lentiform nucleus- (putamen and globus pallidus)

27
Q

Lentiform nucleus

A

Lens shaped

Sits lateral to caudate nucleus

2 parts

28
Q

Caudate nucleus

A

C shaped and sits in wall of lateral ventricle

29
Q

Diencephalon

A

Comprises the thalamus and hypothalamus

30
Q

Thalamus

A

Paired structure

Relays sensory information to the cortex

Involved with voluntary movement, personality and consciousness

31
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Inferior to thalamus

Sits between the optic chiasm and mammillary bodies

Homeostasis

  • coordinates ANS and endocrine responses
  • involved in thermoregulation, feeding, drinking, circadian rhythms
  • receives inputs from limbic system
32
Q

Pons

A

Relay information to the cerebellum

Contains reticular formation
- nuclei concerned with sleep, motor control

33
Q

Medulla oblongata

A

Contains nuclei that are important in controlling respiration and the CV system

Pyramid
- corticospinal tract )main voluntary pathway)

Oliva
- formed by olivary nuclei (motor relay to cerebellum)

Cuneate tubercle and gracile tubercle
- nuclei form part of ascending tract

34
Q

Cerebellum

A

Posterior to brainstem

  • outer gray matter
  • underlying white matter
  • two cerebellar hemispheres
  • three lobes
  • contains nuclei

Connected to brainstem by cerebellar peduncles

35
Q

Main functions of cerebellum

A

Motor control

  • control of posture
  • coordinating and planning limb movements
  • control of ete movements
36
Q

Primary vesicles

A

Prosencephalon

Mesencephalon

Rhomencephalon

All continuous with spinal cord

37
Q

Internal capsule

A

Forms major white matter tract

Internal relative to lentiform nucleus

38
Q

External capsule

A

External relative to lentiform nucleus

39
Q

Pineal gland

A

Posterior to thalamus

Produces melatonin

40
Q

Brainstem

A

Cranial nerve nuclei within all three regions

Vital respiratory and cardiovascular centres

Vomiting centre

Nuclei involved with motor, sleep

White matter tracts

41
Q

Substantial nigra

A

Domapinergic neurons (contain melanin which is black)

Part of basal ganglia

42
Q

Red nuclei

A

Motor coordination- relay centre between cortex and cerebellum

Theme 1: Fundamental Neuroscience and the Brain (20 decks)

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