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Systems: Neurology AB > Topography of the Brain > Flashcards

Topography of the Brain Flashcards

1
Q

Where is the seat of consciousness located?

A

Cerebrum

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2
Q

What part of the brain is responsible for balance and coordination?

A

Cerebelum

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3
Q

What does the brainstem contain?

A
  • Vital centres
  • Pathway for fibre tracts
  • Location of cranial nerve nuclei
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4
Q

What are the 3 components of the brainstem?

A
  • Midbrain
  • Pons
  • medulla
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5
Q

What ventricles are found in the brain?

A
  • Lateral ventricles
  • III ventricle
  • Cerebral aqueduct
  • IV ventricle
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6
Q

Where are the lateral ventricles found?

A

Within the cerebral hemispheres

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7
Q

Where is the III ventricle found?

A

Within the diencephalon

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8
Q

Where is the cerebral aqueduct found?

A

Within the midbrain

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9
Q

Where is the IV ventricle found?

A

Between pons and medulla (in front) ad cerebellum (at the back)

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10
Q

Where is the CSF found?

A
  • Inside the ventricles

- Between pia and arachnoid mater

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11
Q

What forms the CSF?

A

Choroid plexus in each lateral ventricle

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12
Q

Where is the CSF absorbed?

A

Absorbed into the superior sagittal sinus (venous channel in the brain) by the arachnoid villi

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13
Q

What are the functions of the brainstem?

A
  • Pathway for fibre tracts running between higher and lower centres
  • Brainstem nuclei are involved with 10 of the 12 cranial nerves, so innervation of head and neck
  • Brainstem centres produce the rigidly programmed automatic behaviours essential for survival
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14
Q

What cavity is located in the medulla (oblongata)?

A

IV ventricle

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15
Q

What does the medulla continue as inferiorly?

A

Spinal cord at foramen magnum of cranium

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16
Q

What does the lower part of the medulla resemble in structure?

A

Spinal cord

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17
Q

What are the surface features of the medulla?

A
  • Pyramids and their decussation (crossing over)
  • Olives laterally
  • Connected to cerebellum by inferior cerebellar peduncle
  • Cranial nerves IX, X, XI and XII from its surface
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18
Q

What is the caudal part of the medulla closed around?

A

IV ventricle

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19
Q

What is the cranial part of the medulla open with?

A

IV ventricle posteriorly

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20
Q

What does the white matter of the medulla contain?

A
  • Pyramidal tract
  • Medial lemniscus
  • Inferior cerebellar peduncle
  • Other tracts
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21
Q

What does the grey matter of the medulla contain?

A
  • Cranial nerve nuclei and inferior olivary nucleus
  • Nucleii of the reticular formation (vital centres)
  • Sensory nuclei (gracile and cuneate)
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22
Q

What is posterior to the pons?

A

IV ventricle

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23
Q

What are the surface features of the pons?

A
  • Middle cerebellar peduncle

- Cranial nerves V, VI, VII and VIII originate from its surface

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24
Q

What does the white matter of the pons contain?

A
  • Middle cerebellar peduncle
  • Medial lemniscus (sensory)
  • Pyramidal tract (motor)
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25
Q

What does the grey matter of the pons contain?

A
  • Cranial nerve nuclei
  • Pontine nuclei
  • Nucleii of reticular formation
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26
Q

What does the midbrain develop from?

A

Mesencephalon

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27
Q

What is the central cavity of the midbrain?

A

Cerebral aqueduct

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28
Q

What are the surface features of the midbrain?

A
  • Cerebral peduncle
  • Superior cerebellar peduncle
  • Corpora quadrigemina (superior and inferior colliculus)
  • Origin of the oculomotor and trochlear nerves
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29
Q

What is the only nerve to originate posteriorly?

A

Trochlear

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30
Q

What will you always see in section of the midbrain?

A

Substantia nigra

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31
Q

What components will be seen on horizontal section of the midbrain?

A
  • Central cavity (cerebral aqueduct)
  • Periaqueductal grey matter with nucleus for III and IV cranial nerves
  • White matter with embedded nuclei surrounds the periaqueductal grey mater
32
Q

What does the cerebral aqueduct connect?

A

Connect III and IV ventricles

33
Q

What separates the right and left hemispheres of the cerebellum?

A

Vermis

34
Q

What lobes are present on each hemisphere of the cerebellum?

A
  • Anterior
  • Posterior
  • Fluccoluonodular
35
Q

What does the surface of the cerebellum have?

A

Sulci and folia

36
Q

How is the cerebellum connected to the brainstem?

A

Via three cerebellar peduncles

37
Q

What is found in the grey matter of the cerebellum?

A
  • Cortex on surface

- Deep nuclei

38
Q

What is found in the white matter of the cerebellum?

A
  • Arbor vitae

- Cerebellar peduncles

39
Q

What is the function of the cerebellum?

A
  • Posture maintenance

- Fine tuning motor activity

40
Q

What is abnormality of the cerebellum known as?

A

Ataxia

41
Q

What tests are there for ataxia?

A
  • Finger-nose test
  • Knee heel test
  • Walking in a straight line
42
Q

Where does the cerebellum receive information from?

A
  • Pyramidal tracts (motor intention of brain)
  • Ipsilateral proprioceptors from periphery
  • Vestibular nuclei re. balance and posture
43
Q

What does the cerebellum calculate upon receiving information?

A

Calculates best way to coordinate force, direction, extent of muscle contraction to maintain posture prevent overshoot and ensure smooth coordinated muscle contraction

44
Q

What does the cerebellum ‘send’ once it has received information?

A

Sends ‘blueprint# back to cerebral cortex via superior cerebellar peduncle

45
Q

Where is the diencephalon found?

A

Deep within cerebral hemispheres around III ventricle

46
Q

What does the diencephalon develop from?

A

Diencephalic vesicle (part of forebrain vesicle)

47
Q

What are the paired structures of the diencephalon?

A

All are mainly grey matter

  • Thalamus
  • Hypothalamus (and pituitary)
  • Epithalamus (pineal gland)
48
Q

What does the thalamus mainly contain?

A

Groups of nuclei

49
Q

What groups of nuclei does the thalamus contain?

A
  • Anterior
  • Medial
  • Lateral
50
Q

What is the lateral group of nuclei of the thalamus involved in?

A

Processing sensory information

51
Q

What is the thalamus?

A

A sensory relay station

52
Q

Where is the hypothalamus?

A

Lies below the thalamus separate from it by the hypothalamic sulcus

53
Q

What is the hypothalamus?

A

The main visceral control centre

54
Q

What is the hypothalamus essential for?

A

Overall homeostasis

55
Q

What is the homeostatic role of the hypothalamus?

A
  • Autonomic control centre
  • Body temperature regulation
  • Regulation of food intake
  • Regulation of water balance an thirst
  • Regulation of sleep-wake cycle
  • Control of endocrine system functioning
56
Q

What is the blood supply to the brain?

A
  • Internal carotid arteries

- Vertebral arteries

57
Q

How do the internal carotid arteries enter the brain?

A

Through the carotid canal of the skull (Foramen lacerum) t

58
Q

How do the vertebral arteries enter the brain?

A

Through the foramen magnum

59
Q

What branches of the ICA supply the brain?

A
  • Anterior cerebral artery
  • Middle cerebral artery
  • Posterior communicating arteries
60
Q

What do the ACA and MCA supply?

A

A large part of the cerebral hemispheres

61
Q

What do the 2 vertebral arteries join together to form?

A

Basilar artery

62
Q

Where is the basilar artery?

A

Ventral surface of the brainstem

63
Q

What do the branches of the vertebra-basilar system supply?

A

Brainstem and cerebellum

64
Q

Where does the basilar artery end?

A

Level of the midbrain

65
Q

How does the basilar artery end?

A

Divides into the posterior cerebral arteries

66
Q

What do the posterior cerebral arteries supply?

A

The posterior part of the cerebral hemispheres

67
Q

How is the Circle of Willis formed?

A

Branches of the ICA join with those of the opposite side and with the PCA

68
Q

What is the protective feature of the Circle of Willis?

A

Protective against vaso-occlusion of large arteries

69
Q

What are effectively end arteries?

A

The branches of the ICA supplying the cerebral hemispheres distal to the circle of willis

70
Q

What does the anterior cerebral artery supply?

A

Medial aspect of cerebral hemispheres excluding occipital lobe

71
Q

What does the middle cerebral artery supply?

A

Lateral aspect of cerebral hemispheres

72
Q

What does the posterior cerebral artery supply?

A

Inferior aspect of cerebral hemispheres and occipital lobe

73
Q

Where doe the veins of the brain drain into?

A

Superficial and deep veins of the brain drain into venous sinuses

74
Q

Where are the venous sinuses found?

A

Between the 2 layers of dura mater

75
Q

What do the dural venous sinuse drain into?

A

The dural venous sinuses join together to ultimately drain into the internal jugular veins

Systems: Neurology AB (51 decks)

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