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Systems: Neurology AB > The Cerebral Hemispheres > Flashcards

The Cerebral Hemispheres Flashcards

1
Q

What are the general features of the cerebral hemispheres?

A
  • Sulci
  • Gyri
  • Fissures
  • Grey matter on the surface
  • White matter inside
  • Basal ganglia: collection of neuronal cell bodies buried in white matter
  • Lateral ventricle
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2
Q

Sulcus

A

Dip

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3
Q

Gyrus

A

Elevation

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4
Q

Fissure

A

Large dip

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5
Q

What fissure runs sagittally in the midline?

A

Median longitudinal fissure

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6
Q

What connects the 2 cerebral hemispheres?

A

Corpus callosum

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7
Q

What sulcus lies between the frontal and parietal lobes?

A

Central sulcus

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8
Q

What 2 gyri sit either side of the central sulcus?

A
  • Precentral gyrus

- Postcentral gyrus

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9
Q

What sulcus lies between the parietal and occipital lobes?

A

Parieto-occipital sulcus

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10
Q

What sulcus runs on the medial side of the hemispheres following the course of the corpus callosum?

A

Cingulate sulcus

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11
Q

What gyri are found in the frontal lobe?

A
  • Superior frontal gyri
  • Middle frontal gyri
  • Inferior frontal gyri
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12
Q

What gyri are found in the temporal lobe?

A
  • Super temporal gyri
  • Middle temporal gyri
  • Inferior temporal gyri
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13
Q

What is the insula?

A

Small region located deep within the lateral sulcus

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14
Q

What area of the cerebral hemisphere is responsible for sensory components ?

A

Posterior part

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15
Q

What area of the cerebral hemisphere is responsible for motor components?

A

Anterior part

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16
Q

What are medial parts of the cerebral hemispheres responsible for?

A

Storage and retrieval of processed information

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17
Q

What is often found adjacent to primary sensory areas?

A

Association areas

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18
Q

What is area 4?

A

Precentral gyrus

-Primary motor cortex

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19
Q

What is the primary motor cortex responsible for?

A

Somatotopic representation of contralateral half of body (motor homunculus)

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20
Q

What are areas 44 and 45?

A

Inferior frontal gyrus

-Broca’s area of motor speech

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21
Q

What is the function of the prefrontal cortex?

A

Cognitive functions of higher order

  • Intellect
  • Judgement
  • Prediction
  • Planning
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22
Q

What are the components of the motor homunculus from lateral to medial aspect?

A
  • Swallowing
  • Tongue
  • Jaw
  • Lips
  • Face
  • Eye
  • Brow
  • Neck
  • Thumb
  • Fingers
  • Hand
  • Wrist
  • Elbow
  • Arm
  • Shoulder
  • Trunk
  • Hip
  • Knee
  • Toes
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23
Q

What are the components of the sensory homunculus from lateral to medial aspect?

A
  • Intra abdominal
  • Pharynx
  • Tongue
  • Gums
  • Teeth
  • Lips
  • Face
  • Nose
  • Eye
  • Thumb
  • Fingers
  • Hand
  • Forearm
  • Elbow
  • Arm
  • Head
  • Neck
  • Trunk
  • Hip
  • Leg
  • Toes
  • Genitals
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24
Q

What are areas 3,2 and 1?

A

Post-central gyrus

-Primary sensory area

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25
Q

What is the primary sensory area responsible for?

A

Receives general sensations from contralateral half of body. Somatotopic representation (sensory homunculus)

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26
Q

What is the superior parietal lobule responsible for?

A

Interpretation of general sensory information (sensory association area) and conscious awareness of contralateral half of body

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27
Q

What is the inferior parietal lobule responsible for?

A

Interface between somatosensory cortex and visual and auditory association areas.

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28
Q

What is the inferior parietal lobule responsible for in the dominant hemisphere?

A

Contributes to language functions

29
Q

What will a parietal lobe lesion result in?

A
  • Hemi sensory neglect
  • Right left agnosia
  • Acalculia
  • Agraphia
30
Q

What are the main functions of the temporal lobe?

A
  • Hearing

- Smell

31
Q

What are areas 41 and 42?

A

Superior temporal gyrus

-Primary auditory cortex

32
Q

Where are the auditory association areas located?

A

Posterior to areas 41 and 42

33
Q

What is Wernicke’s area?

A

Auditory association area necessary for recognition of the spoken word. Located in the dominant hemisphere

34
Q

What does the inferior surface of the temporal lobe receive?

A

Receives fibres from olfactory tract- conscious appreciation of smell

35
Q

What is the main function of the occipital lobe?

A

Vision

36
Q

What is area 17?

A

Primary visual cortex

37
Q

Where is the primary visual cortex located?

A

On the medial surface of the occipital lobe, on either side of the calcarine sulcus

38
Q

What are areas 18 and 19?

A

Visual association cortex concerned with interpretation of visual images

39
Q

What forms the functional limbic lobe?

A

The medial surface of the cerebral hemisphere

40
Q

What does the functional limbic lobe include?

A
  • Cingulate gyrus
  • Hippocampus (medial aspect of temporal lobe)
  • Parahippocampal gyrus
  • Amygdala (subcortical grey matter close to temporal pole)
41
Q

What is the motor speech area?

A

Broca’s area

42
Q

Aphasia

A

Problem with speech due to damage to one or more speech areas in the brain

43
Q

What area is necessary for recognition of spoken work?

A

Wernicke’s area

44
Q

How does Broca’s aphasia present?

A
  • Understands speech -Misses small words -Aware of difficulties in speech
  • Damage to frontal lobe
  • Weakness/paralysis of one side of body
45
Q

How does Wernicke’s aphasia present?

A
  • Fluent speech, with new meaningless words, can’t understand speech, doesn’t know of mistakes
  • Damage to temporal lobe
  • No paralysis
46
Q

What are the 3 types of myelinated axon fibres bundles into tracts?

A
  • Commissural fibres
  • Association fibres
  • Projection fibres
47
Q

What do commissural fibres connect?

A

Connect corresponding areas of the 2 hemispheres (Corpus callosum)

48
Q

What do association fibres connect?

A

Connect one part of the cortex with the other. They may be short or long

49
Q

What do projection fibres connect?

A

Run between the cerebral cortex and various subcortical centres. They pass through the corona radiata and the internal capsule

50
Q

What is 3D cerebral tractography?

A

Tractography is a recent 3D modelling technique that maps functional white matter tracts using data collected using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Based on symmetry of brain water diffusion, this method offers visually stunningin vivolocalisation of short and medium-length neural tracts, which was previously impossible

51
Q

What is the internal capsule made up from?

A

Projection fibres passing to and from the cerebral cortex

52
Q

What is the internal capsule?

A

A narrow area between the thalamus and caudate nucleus medially and the lentiform nucleus laterally

53
Q

What is the blood supply to the internal capsule?

A

Middle cerebral artery

-Frequently affected in a stroke

54
Q

What are the basal ganglia?

A

Subcortical nuclei (collection of neuronal cell bodies – grey matter) deep within each cererbal hemisphere.

55
Q

What are the components of the basal ganglia?

A
  • Caudate nucleus
  • Putamen
  • Globus pallidus
56
Q

What structure is functionally part of the basal ganglia but not anatomically?

A

Substantia nigra of the midbrain

57
Q

How are the individual basal ganglia identified?

A

Caudate: The one with the tail

The Putamen – (which actually means the hard shell)

Globus pallidus: The pale globe

Lentiform nuclues:The hard shell + the globe form a lens like structure

Substantia nigra: The black substance (this lies in the midbrain!)
The subthalamic nucleii

58
Q

What is lateral to the internal capsule?

A

Lentiform nuclues

59
Q

What is medial to the internal capsule?

A

Caudate nucleus

60
Q

Describe the structure of the caudate nucleus.

A

The caudate nucleus starts as a large head medial to the internal capsule, a body and a slender curving tail which follows the curve of the lateral ventricle

61
Q

What are the input regions of the basal ganglia?

A

Caudate nucleus and the putamen

62
Q

Where do the caudate nucleus and putamen receive input from?

A
  • Motor cortex
  • Premotor cortex
  • Thalamus
63
Q

What are the output regions of the basal ganglia?

A

Globus pallidus and the substantia nigra

64
Q

Where does the globus pallidus primarily project to?

A

To the thalamus (which in turn sends fibres to motor area of cortex)

65
Q

What is the major function of the basal ganglia?

A

Help regulate initiation and termination of movements

66
Q

What ‘system’ are the basal ganglia often referred to as?

A

Extrapyramidal system

67
Q

Give examples of pathology affecting the basal ganglia.

A
  • Parkinson’s
  • Chorea
  • Athetosis
68
Q

What is the functional limbic lobe involved in?

A

Memory and emotional aspects of behaviour

Systems: Neurology AB (51 decks)

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