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6. Neurology (Med) > Topography of the Brain > Flashcards

Topography of the Brain Flashcards

1
Q

What can the brain be divided into?

A

Cerebral hemispheres

Diencephalon

Cerebellum

Brainstem (midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata)

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2
Q

What is the brainstem composed of?

A

Midbrain

Pons

Medulla oblongata

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3
Q

What is white matter?

A

Myelinated axons

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4
Q

What is grey matter?

A

Neuronal cell bodies

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5
Q

What is a tract?

A

Fibre pathway passing through the CNS carrying a specific modality (such as motor fibres or pain sensation or touch sensation)

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6
Q

What is a nucleus?

A

Neuronal cell body collection (grey) within CNS

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7
Q

What is a ganglion?

A

Neuronal cell bodies outside of CNS (such as dorsal root ganglion)

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8
Q

What are ventricles?

A

Spaces in the brain

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9
Q

What are the different ventricles?

A

Lateral ventricles (x2)

III ventricle

Cerebral aquaduct

IV ventricle

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10
Q

Where are the lateral ventricles located?

A

Within cerebral hemispheres

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11
Q

Where is III ventricle located?

A

Within diencephalon

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12
Q

Where is cerebral aquaduct located?

A

Within midbrain

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13
Q

Where is IV ventricle located?

A

Between pons and medulla (in front) and cerebellum (at the back)

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14
Q

Where is CSF found?

A

Inside ventricles and in the subarachnoid space

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15
Q

What is CSF formed by?

A

Choroid plexus in each ventricle

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16
Q

Where is CSF absorbed to?

A

Arachnoid villi into saggital sinus

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17
Q

What do the internal carotid arteries enter the skull through?

A

Carotid canal (foramen lacerum)

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18
Q

What vessels provide the main blood supply to the brain?

A

Internal carotid arteries

Vertebral arteries

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19
Q

What are the internal carotid arteries branches off?

A

Common carotid arteries

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20
Q

What are the two vertebral arteries branches off?

A

Subclavian artery

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21
Q

How do the vertebral arteries enter the skull?

A

Throught the foramen magnum

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22
Q

What is the circle of Willis a protective feature against?

A

Vaso-occlusion of large arteries

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23
Q

What forms the circle of Willis?

A

Branches of the ICA join with those of the opposite side and with the PCA (branch of the basilar artery) to form a continous circle at the base of the brain

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24
Q

What is A?

A

Anterior cerebral artery

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25
Q

What is B?

A

Anterior communicating artery

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26
Q

What is C?

A

Internal carotid artery

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27
Q

What is D?

A

Posterior communicating artery

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28
Q

What is E?

A

Posterior cerebral artery

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29
Q

What is F?

A

Basilar artery

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30
Q

What is G?

A

Anterior spinal artery

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31
Q

What is H?

A

Vertebral artery

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32
Q

What branches come of the ICA?

A

Anterior communicating artery (ACA)

Middle communicating artery (MCA)

Posterior communicating artery (PComA)

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33
Q

What do the anterior and middle communicating arteries supply a large part of?

A

Cerebral hemispheres

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34
Q

What do the two vertebral arteries join together to form and where does this occur?

A

Basilar artery, happens on the ventral surface of the brainstem

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35
Q

What does the vertebral-basilar system give off branches to supply?

A

Brainstem and cerebellum

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36
Q

Where does the basiliar artery end and what does it divide into?

A

Level of the midbrain dividing into two posterior cerebral arteries (PCA) which supply the posterior part of the cerebral hemispheres

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37
Q

What does ACA stand for?

A

Anterior communicating artery

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38
Q

What does MCA stand for?

A

Middle communicating artery

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39
Q

What does PComA stand for?

A

Posterior communicating artery

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40
Q

What does PCA stand for?

A

Posterior cerebral arteries

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41
Q

What does the anterior cerebral artery supply?

A

Medial aspect of cerebral hemispheres exclding occipital lobe

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42
Q

What does the medial cerebral artery supply?

A
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43
Q

What does the posterior cerebral artery supply?

A

Inferior aspect of cerebral hemipheres and occipital lobe

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44
Q

What do superficial and deep veins of the brain drain into?

A

Venous sinuses that lie between 2 layers of dura mater

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45
Q

Where do venous sinuses lie between?

A

2 layers of dura mater

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46
Q

Where do the dural venous sinuses drain into?

A

Join together to ultimately drain into the internal jugular veins

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47
Q
A
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48
Q

What is A?

A

Transverse sinuses

49
Q

What is B?

A

Superior sagittal sinus

50
Q

What is C?

A

Great cerebral vein

51
Q

What is D?

A

Cavernous sinus

52
Q

What is E?

A

Petrosal sinus (superior and inferior)

53
Q

What is F?

A

Internal jugular veins

54
Q

What is A?

A

Diencephalon

55
Q

What is B?

A

Brainstem

56
Q

What is C?

A

Cerebellum

57
Q

What is D?

A

Cerebrum

58
Q

What is found in the brainstem?

A

Vital centres such as cardiorespiratory

Pathway for fibres

59
Q

What is the cerebellum responsible for?

A

Balance and coordination

60
Q

What is the cerebrum?

A

Seat of consciousness

61
Q

In embryology, what does the neural tube develop from?

A

Dorsal surface ectoderm

62
Q

In embryology, what happens to the cranial end of the neural tube?

A

Forms vesicles each of which develop into different parts of the brain

63
Q

In embryology, how many vesicles does the neural tube divide into

A

3 primary vesicles (week 4) and then into 5 secondary vesicles (week 5)

64
Q

What are the 3 primary vesicles that the cranial end of the neural tube forms?

A

Prosencephalon (forebrain)

Mesencephalon (midbrain)

Rhomboencephalon (hindbrain)

65
Q

What vesicle goes on to form the forebrain?

A

Prosencephalon

66
Q

What vesicle goes on to form the midbrain?

A

Mesencephalon

67
Q

What vesicle goes onto form the hind brain?

A

Rhomboencephlon

68
Q

Which of the 3 primary vesicles go on to allow the development of the 5 secondary vesicles?

A

Prosencephlon

Rhomboencephalon

69
Q

What are the 3 parts of the brainstem?

A

Midbrain

Pons

Medulla

70
Q

What is found in the brainstem?

A

Cranial nerves III-XII

Tracts from spinal cord

Vital centres such as cardiorespiratory centre

71
Q

What cranial nerves are found in the brainstem?

A

Cranial nerves III-XII

72
Q

What are some functions of the brainstem?

A

Pathway for fibre tracts running between higher and lower centres

Brainstem nuclei involved with 10 of the 12 cranial nerves, so innvervation of the head and neck

Brainstem centres produce the rigidly programmed autonomic behaviours essential for survival

73
Q

What cavity is found in the medulla?

A

IV ventricle

74
Q

What does the medulla continue as?

A

Spinal cord at foramen magnum of cranium

75
Q

What does the lower part of the medulla resemble in structure?

A

Spinal cord

76
Q

What are some surface features of the medulla?

A

Pyramids and their decussatoin (crossing over)

Olives laterally

Connected to cerebellum by inferior cerebrllar peduncle

Cranial nerves Ix, X, XI and XII from its surface

77
Q

What white matter is found in the medulla?

A

Pyramidal tract

Medial lemniscus

Inferior cerebellar peduncle

Other tracts

78
Q

What grey matter is found in the medulla?

A

Cranial nerve nucleii and inferior olivary nucleus

Nucleii of the reticular formation (vital centres)

Sensory nucleii (gracile and cuneate)

79
Q

What ventricle is posterior to the pons?

A

IV ventricle

80
Q

What are surface features of the pons?

A

Middle cerebellar peduncle

Cranial nerves V, VI, VII and VIII originate from its surface

81
Q

What cranial nerves originate from the surface of the medulla?

A

IX, X, XI and XII

82
Q

What cranial nerves originate from the surface of the pons?

A

V, VI, VII and VIII

83
Q

What white matter is found inside the pons?

A

Middle cerebellar peduncle

Medial lemniscus (sensory)

Pyramidal tract (motor)

84
Q

What grey matter is found inside the pons?

A

Cranial nerve nucleii

Pontine nucleii

Nucleii of reticular formation

85
Q

What is the central cavity in the midbrain?

A

Cerebral aquaduct

86
Q

What are the surface features of the midbrain?

A

Cerebral penuncle

SUperior cerebellar peduncle

Corpora quadrigemina (superior and inferior colliculus)

Origin of oculomotor (CN III) and trochlear (CN IV)

87
Q

What cranial nerves originate in the midbrain?

A

III and IV

88
Q

What is the only cranial nerve to originate posteriorly?

A

CN IV

89
Q

What does the cerebral aquaduct connect?

A

III ventricle and IV ventricle

90
Q

What are the right and left hemispheres of the cerebellum seperated by?

A

Vermis

91
Q

What lobes are found on each hemispheres of the cerebellum?

A

Anterior, posterior and floculonodular lobe

92
Q

What connects the cerebellar to each part of the brainstem?

A

3 cerebellar peduncles

93
Q

What is found on the surface of the cerebellum?

A

Sulci and folia

94
Q

What is sulci?

A

A groove on the surface of the brain

95
Q

What is folia?

A

Folds on the outer surface of the brain

96
Q

What white matter is found in the cerebellum?

A

Arbor vitae

Cerebellar peduncles

97
Q

What grey matter is found in the cerebellum?

A

Cortex on surface

Deep nucleii

98
Q

What are the functions of the cerebellum?

A

Posture maintanence

Fine tuning motor activity

99
Q

Explain the process of the cerebellum achieving its functions?

A

1) Recieves information from pyramidal tracts (motor intention of brain), ipsilateral proprioceptors from periphery and vestibular nucleii regarding balance and posture
2) Calculates best way to coordinate force, direction, extent of muscle contraction to maintain posture and prevent overshoot and ensure smooth coordinated muscle contraction
3) Sends ‘blueprint’ back to cerebral cortex via superior cerebellar peduncle

100
Q

What is an abnormality of the cerebellum?

A

Ataxia

101
Q

What is ataxia?

A

Group of disorders that affect coordination, balance and speech

102
Q

Where is the diencephalon found?

A

Within cerebral hemispheres around III ventricle

103
Q

What does the diencephalon develop from?

A

Diencephalic vesicle (part of forebrain vesicle)

104
Q

What are paired structures found in the diencephalon?

A

Thalamus

Hypothalamus (and pituitary)

Epithalamus (pineal gland)

105
Q

What are the thalamus, hypothalamus and epithalamus mainly composed of?

A

Grey matter

106
Q

What is A?

A

Lateral ventricles

107
Q

What is B?

A

Pineal gland (epithalamus)

108
Q

What is C?

A

Thalamus

109
Q

What is D?

A

Hypothalamus

110
Q

What is E?

A

Infundibulum (stalk of pituitary)

111
Q

What is F?

A

Subthalamus

112
Q

What groups of nuclei does the thalamus contain?

A

Anterior, middle and lateral group

113
Q

What group of nucleii of the thalamus is involved in processing sensory information?

A

Lateral group

114
Q

What is the thalamus?

A

Sensory relay station

115
Q

Where is the thalamus found?

A

Egg shaped body on either side of III ventricle amking up 80% of diencephalon

116
Q

Where is the hypothalamus found?

A

Lies below the thalamus separated from it by the hypothalamic sulcus

117
Q

What is the hypothalamus seperated from the thalamus by?

A

Hypothalamic sulcus

118
Q

What is the hypothalamus?

A

Main visceral control centre and is essential for overall homeostasis

119
Q

What are some of the homeostatic roles of the hypothalamus?

A

Autonomic control centre

Body temperature regulation

Regulation of food intake

Regulation of water balance and thirst

Regulation of sleep-wake cycle

Control of endocrine system functioning

6. Neurology (Med) (47 decks)

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