Topics Flashcards
Sex and Gender
Sex
Gender
Sex-Role Stereotypes
Androgyny
Sandra Bem
Bem Sex Role Inventory
Role of Chromosomes and Hormones
XX/XY
SRY gene and androgens
Testosterone
Oestrogen
Oxytocin
Atypical Chromosome Patterns
Atypical Sex Chromosome Patterns
Klinefelter’s Syndrome
Turner’s Syndrome
Physical characteristics
Psychological characteristics
Cognitive Explanations of Gender
Kohlberg’s Cognitive Developmental Theory
Gender Schema Theory (Martin and Halverson)
Kohlberg’s Cognitive Developmental Theory
Stages of Development
Gender Identity
Gender Stability
Gender Constancy
Gender Schema Theory
Martin and Halverson
In-group/Outgroup
Schema and Gender Scripts
Psychoanalytic Theory
Freud
Oedipus Complex
Electra Complex
Identification and Internalisation
Social Learning Theory
Direct Reinforcement
Indirect Reinforcement
Identification and Modelling
Mediational Processes
Culture and Media on Gender
Differences - Mead
Similarities - Buss, Munroe and Munroe
Rigid Stereotypes - Furnham and Farragher, Bussey and Bandura
Self Efficacy - Mitra et al
Atypical Gender Development
Gender Dysphoria
Biological:
Brain Sex Theory (Krujiver)
Genetic Factors (Coolidge)
Social-Psychological:
Psychoanalytic (Ovesey and Person)
Social Constructionism (McClintock)
Diagnosis and Classification of Sz
ICD-11
DSM-5
Positive Symptoms
Negative Symptoms (Andreasen)
Reliability and Validity (Cheniaux)
Biological Explanations of Sz
Genetic basis:
- family studies (Gottesman)
- candidate genes (Ripke)
Neural Correlates:
- dopamine hypotheses (davis)
Psychological Explanations of Sz
Family Dysfunction:
- Schizophrenogenic mother
- Double Bind theory
- Expressed Emotion
Cognitive Explanations:
- dysfunctional thinking
- metarepresentation dysfunction
- central control dysfunction (Frith)
Biological Treatment for Sz
Antipsychotics
Atypical
Typical
Chlorpromazine
Clozapine
Respiridone
Psychological Treatment for Sz
CBT
- normalisation
- reality testing
Family Therapy (Pharaoh)
- reduce negative emotions
- improve family’s ability to help
Management of Sz
Token Economies
- Allyon and Azrin
- benefits
- how it works
Interactionist Approach to Sz
Meehl (Schizogene)
- Diathesis Stress Model
- Modern understanding of diathesis stress
- Treatment
Offender Profiling
Top Down
- organised
- disorganised
- FBI profile
Bottom Up
- Investigative psychology
- Geographical profiling
- Canter’s circle theory
Biological explanations of offending behaviour
Historical approach:
Lombroso
Atavistic form
Genetic explanation:
MAOA
CDH13
(Tiihonen)
(Christiansen)
(Crowe)
Neural explanations:
- Antisocial Personality Disorder
- Prefrontal cortex
- Mirror neurons
Psychological Explanations of offending behaviour
Eysenck’s criminal personality theory:
- biological basis
- role of socialisation
- EPI
Cognitive Explanations:
- Kohlberg’s levels of moral reasoning
- Cognitive Distortions
- hostile attribution bias and minimisation
Differential Association Theory
Psychodynamic explanations
- Inadequate Superego
- Maternal Deprivation
Dealing with Offending Behaviour
Custodial Sentencing
- incapacitation
- retribution
- rehabilitation
- deterrence
Behaviour Management
- token economy
- operationalise target behaviour
- scoring system
- train staff
Anger Management
- CBT
- Keen
- Cognitive Preparation
- Skills Acquisition
- Application Practice
Restorative Justice
- Sentencing and restitution
- RJC
- Changing emphasis
Gender Bias
Universality and Bias
Alpha Bias
Beta Bias
Androcentrism
Culture Bias
Universality and Bias
Ethnocentrism
Cultural Relativism
