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Epidemiology > Topical farm disease (midges) > Flashcards

Topical farm disease (midges) Flashcards

1
Q

What species of diptera are midges?

A

Culicoides spp

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2
Q

Culicoides transmit many pathogens and are an important vector species of which 3 diseases?

A

Bluetongue
Schmallenberg
African Horse Sickness
(Equine encephalosis)

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3
Q

Which midges bite? Why?

A

Females only - need protein from blood for fertility and egg development
Males only for mating

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4
Q

Where do females lay eggs?

A

Substrate - dung or soil depending on species

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5
Q

How do culicoides transmit viruses?

A

Develop in infected animal dung

Developed adult feeds on animal and infects the

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6
Q

Why do different species need different control methods?

A

Different breeding sites

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7
Q

What is a natural control method for Culicoides?

A

Mermithid nematodes

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8
Q

How do Mermithid nematodes kill culicoides?

A

Develop inside midge larvae
Kill on emergence
If remain inside adult, cause sterilisation

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9
Q

What is significant about Bluetongue, Schmallenberg and African horse sickness?

A

All notifiable disease

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10
Q

What animals does blue tongue infect? Which species does it cause severe disease?

A

Ruminants

Severe in sheep (milder in cattle - subclinical, lower mortality)

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11
Q

What type of pathogen causes Bluetongue?

A

RNA virus

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12
Q

Why is it difficult to produce a vaccine against RNA viruses?

A

They are unstable so mutate quickly

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13
Q

What species act as a reservoir for Bluetongue?

A

Cattle

Often subclinical but can get clinical disease

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14
Q

What are the symptoms of Bluetongue?

A 
Swelling of head, mouth, neck 
Drooling at mouth 
Eye/nasal discharge
Pyrexia
Cyanotic tongue (rare)
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15
Q

How is Bluetongue transmitted?

A

Mainly vector bourne

Also via semen, live vaccines and blood

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16
Q

There are both modified live and inactive live vaccines for Bluetongue. What are there advantages/disadvantages?

A

Modified - cheaper, immunity after one vaccine

Inactive - expensive, need multiple vaccines

17
Q

Is the Bluetongue virus easy to control? How is it best controlled?

A

No

Control by Culicoides midges

18
Q

What virus causes Schmallenberg?

A

RNA virus

19
Q

What animals is Schmallenberg infectious to?

A

Ruminants

Severe in horses - high mortality

20
Q

What are the symptoms of Schmallenberg virus?

A

Abortion

Fever

21
Q

Schmallenberg and Bluetongue are very siimilar. What are the 4 main differences?

A

BTV - can be detected, low infection rate of vectors, long incubation period, long viraemia
SBV - silent spread, high infection rate of vectors, short incubation period, short viraemia

22
Q

What virus causes African horse sickness?

A

Arbovirus

23
Q

Why do outbreaks of African horse sickness occur every 10-20 years?

A

New population of horses

Not immune

24
Q

What are the 3 forms of African horse sickness?

A

Cardiac
Pulmonary
Mixed

Epidemiology (13 decks)

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