Causation

Question 1

What are Koch’s postulates? (4)

Answer 1

Bacteria must be present in every case of the disease
Bacteria must be isolated from the host and grown in pure culture
The disease must be reproduced when pure culture of bacteria is inoculated into another host
Bacteria must be recoverable from the experimentally infected host

Question 2

What are upstream interventions?

Answer 2

Improving science and economics to achieve better health

Question 3

What are downstream interventions?

Answer 3

Improving equal access to healthcare to decrease disadvantages on health

Question 4

What is association?

Answer 4

A statistical relationship between two events/characteristics/variables

Question 5

What may lead to non-causal associations?

Answer 5

Chance
Bias
Confunding factors
Reverse causation

Question 6

What is reverse causation?

Answer 6

Opposite association to what is expected

Question 7

What are Hill-Evan’s postulates? (2)

Answer 7

Prevalence of disease should be higher in those exposed than those not exposed
Exposure should be more common in those with disease than in those without the disease