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gcse comb sci biology > Topic Two > Flashcards

Topic Two Flashcards

Cell and control

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1
Q

In human cells, what is a chromosome?

A

a structure found in nuclei, containing a DNA molecule

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2
Q

What type of cell division forms two identical daughter cells?

A

mitosis

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3
Q

In which stage of the cell cycle are the chromosomes duplicated?

A

interphase

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4
Q

In which stage of the cell cycle, at the end of mitosis, does the one cell divide into two?

A

cytokinesis

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5
Q

What term describes a cell that has two sets of chromosomes?

A

diploid

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6
Q

Where are plant meristems found?

A

tips of plant shoots and roots (also just inside bark of trees)

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7
Q

What happens in a plant meristem?

A

Cells divide rapidly by mitosis as the plant grows

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8
Q

What happens during cell differentiation?

A

Cells develop special features that help them carry out a particular function.

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9
Q

Why is cell differentiation important to plants and animals?

A

Specialised cells are more effective at carrying out different functions in the body.

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10
Q

A root hair cell is a specialised cell. What is its function?

A

to absorb water and dissolved mineral salts from the soil

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11
Q

How is a root hair cell specialised to carry out its function?

A

It has a long extension into the soil that increases the surface area for absorption

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12
Q

Explain how one specialisation of a xylem vessel helps it carry out its function.

A

any one from: thickened wall to prevent collapse of tube/withstand pressure of water; no cell cytoplasm and lost cell walls to form long tubes through which water flows up the plant; small holes in thick cell wall so water can pass into and out of the vessel from surrounding cells

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13
Q

Name one feature, other than mass, that could be measured to show growth in a plant.

A

any suitable measure that will show change over time, such as: height, tree girth, leaf area, number of leaves

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14
Q

Name the type of cell division that cells use to make identical copies of themselves.

A

mitosis

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15
Q

What type of cell has the ability to differentiate into specialised cells?

A

stem cell

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16
Q

In what organ system would you find nerve cells?

A

the nervous system

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17
Q

Are nerve cells diploid or haploid?

A

diploid

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18
Q

What part of a nerve cell contains chromosomes?

A

nucleus

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19
Q

What part of a nerve cell makes proteins?

A

ribosomes

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20
Q

Nerve cells require a lot of energy. What cell structure would you expect them to have a lot of?

A

mitochondria

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21
Q

What is a nerve cell specialised to do?

A

carry electrical signals/impulses

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22
Q

List your senses.

A

touch, hearing, sight, taste, smell, balance, temperature and plenty of others

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23
Q

State the name of one organ in the nervous system.

A

brain, spinal cord or nerves or a named sense organ

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24
Q

What type of cells detect stimuli?

A

receptor cells

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25
Q

In which sense organ would you find receptor cells that detect light waves?

A

eye

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26
Q

What are the electrical signals used in the nervous system called?

A

impulse

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27
Q

List, in order, the organs that an impulse goes through from the hand to the brain.

A

nerve(s), spinal cord

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28
Q

What are the two long ‘arms’ of a sensory neurone called?

A

dendron and axon

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29
Q

List, in order, the parts of a sensory neurone that an impulse goes through.

A

dendrite, dendron, axon, axon terminal

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30
Q

Why are sensory neurones so long?

A

to carry impulses quickly over long distances

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31
Q

What is the name of the fatty sheath that surrounds dendrons and axons?

A

myelin sheath

32
Q

What does the myelin sheath do?

A

speeds up transmission of impulses, insulates neurones from each other

33
Q

What letters are DNA made up of?

A

As, Ts, Cs and Gs

34
Q

What is the structure of DNA?

A

Double Helix

35
Q

The double helix is ridiculously long so it is further twisted round to be in a

A

Chromosone

36
Q

Where are chromosomes located?

A

In the nucleus of a cell

37
Q

In mitosis we go from one parent cell to…

A

Two identical daughter cells

38
Q

What is the first thing that happens in mitosis?

A

The DNA condenses in to chromosomes and lines up down the middle

39
Q

Once chromosomes have lined up down the middle and checks have taken place, they…

A

can start to be pulled apart to either end of the cell

40
Q

What happens when the chromosomes are pulled apart to either end of the cell?

A

New nuclei will form

41
Q

What happens after new nuclei forms in mitosis?

A

They will separate in to two identical daughter cells

42
Q

What is the order of the stages of mitosis?

A

Interphase - Prophase - Metaphase - Anaphase - Telephase - Cytokinesis

43
Q

What is a good acronym to remember the order of the stages of mitosis?

A

I Party Madly At The Club

44
Q

What is the advantage of sexual reproduction?

A

You will get a genetically diverse population which means they are going to be better protected from diseases

45
Q

What is the disadvantage of asexual reproduction?

A

You will get a genetically identical population - if a disease comes along and one plant is susceptible, chances are all plants are going to be susceptible too and they will all be wiped out at once

46
Q

Give 1 advantage of asexual reproduction

A

Any from there is only one parent meaning that the plant or animal doesn’t have to wait for a mate and their energy is conserved - the parent is putting all of its energy in to conserving its own genes

47
Q

What is the disadvantage of sexual reproduction?

A

A mate is required and this can sometimes be hard to find especially in sparsely populated locations

48
Q

What is cancer?

A

When cells begin to divide uncontrollably

49
Q

What does the uncontrollable division of cells lead to?

A

Lumps which can either be benign tumours or malignant tumours

50
Q

What are benign tumours?

A

Things like warts and moles - they are slow and generally harmless

51
Q

What are malignant tumours?

A

Fast growing, aggressive and mobile - cells will move throughout your body and cells from the initial lump will jump in to the bloodstream and move somewhere else - they could set up tumours and lumps in other places

52
Q

A lump on your skin generally could do you a lot of damage/probably won’t do you much damage

A

Probably won’t do you must damage

53
Q

A lump on your brain, liver or lungs could do you a lot of damage/probably won’t do you much damage

A

Could do you a lot of damage

54
Q

Name 2 risk factors of cancer that we are in control of

A

Any 2 from smoking, diet, sun and unprotected sex

55
Q

How is smoking a risk factor of cancer?

A

Has large implications in lung cancer

56
Q

How is diet a risk factor of cancer?

A

A good diet can reduce your risk of bowel cancer whereas if you don’t eat much fruit and vegetables you are putting your bowel at risk of cancer

57
Q

How is the amount of time we spend in the sun a risk factor of cancer?

A

Can effect your susceptibility to skin cancer

58
Q

How is unprotected sex a risk factor of cancer?

A

Can leave you at risk of cervical cancer

59
Q

What do stem cells have the potential to do?

A

Turn into any other type of cell

60
Q

How can stem cells be used when treating Parkinsons disease?

A

Grow new brain scells

61
Q

How can stem cells be used when treating brain and spinal injuries?

A

Grow new bones to fill the gap

62
Q

How can stem cells be used to combat organ failure?

A

Can grow new organs/parts of organs instead of making someone wait on the transplant waiting list

63
Q

What is the method for making stem cells?

A

Nuclei removed from egg cell - nuclei from patient cell inserted in to empty egg - egg starts to develop into embryo - stem cells removed from embryo - stem cells turned into new cells

64
Q

What controversy comes with making stem cells?

A

Human embryos will be created and destroyed - there are lots of religious objections to this as lots of people say that life starts when embryos are created and people object to the destruction of embryos

65
Q

The nervous sytem is incredibly complex/simple

A

complex

66
Q

What is in the CNS?

A

The brain and spinal chord as well as all the neurons (receptors and effectors)

67
Q

What does CNS stand for?

A

Central Nervous System

68
Q

What needs to happen when you pick up a stimuli?

A

That signal needs to travel from wherever you picked it up (your fingers) all the way up to your nervous system

69
Q

Where will the signal sent after picking up a stimuli sometimes stop?

A

The spinal chord

70
Q

What is a reflex?

A

When you pick up a stimuli and the signal gets sent to your CNS, which then sends the signal straight back

71
Q

Touching something hot and moving your hand away without thinking about it happens as a result of your…

A

reflexes

72
Q

Nerve cell bodies are incredibly short/long

A

long

73
Q

What can nerve cells send?

A

Fast electrical signals

74
Q

What happens when nerve cells have to send a signal from one nerve cell to another?

A

Things slow down

75
Q

Why do things slow down when nerve cells have to send a signal from one nerve cell to another?

A

They have to cross a synapse

76
Q

What is sent across a synapse?

A

A slow chemical signal

77
Q

Why is crossing a synapse a slow process?

A

The chemical has to be released, diffused across the channel, get picked up and then initiate another electrical signal

gcse comb sci biology (9 decks)

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