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GCSE Comb Sci Biology > Topic One > Flashcards

Topic One Flashcards

Key Concepts in biology

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1
Q

What does a microscope do?

A

Makes small objects appear larger/magnifies small objects

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2
Q

What part of a microscope do you look through?

A

eyepiece lens

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3
Q

Which part of a microscope do you use to get a clear image?

A

the focusing wheel

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4
Q

If an average height person in Year 10 is magnified 600 times, how tall will they be compared to the tallest building in the world, which is 828 m tall?

A

about the same height; the Burj Khalifa, Dubai is 828 m tall

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5
Q

Put these in order of size, biggest first: atom, animal cell, cell nucleus, muscle tissue, protein molecule, water molecule

A

muscle tissue, animal cell, cell nucleus, protein molecule, water molecule, atom

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6
Q

A microscope has a ×5 eyepiece lens and a ×5 objective lens. What is the total magnification?

A

×25; 5 × 5 = 25

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7
Q

A human hair has a width of 100 μm but appears 20 mm wide in a photo. What magnification is the photo?

A

×200; 20 mm = 20 000 μm; 20 000 ÷ 100 = 200

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8
Q

How many millimetres are there in a metre?

A

1000

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9
Q

What unit is 1000 times smaller than a millimetre?

A

micrometre, μm

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10
Q

What is the unit symbol for a nanometre?

A

nm

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11
Q

What is an estimation?

A

an approximate value

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12
Q

Name one part you could find in a plant cell but not an animal cell.

A

cell wall, chloroplasts, permanent vacuole

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13
Q

What process happens in a mitochondrion?

A

aerobic respiration

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14
Q

What is one function of a plant cell’s permanent vacuole?

A

to help keep the cell rigid/to store substances

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15
Q

In which part of a plant cell is cell sap stored?

A

vacuole

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16
Q

In which part of a cell would you find chromosomes?

A

Nucleus

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17
Q

When you look down a microscope, what is the area that you see called?

A

field of view

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18
Q

Why can an electron microscope detect smaller structures in cells than a light microscope?

A

it has better magnification and better resolution

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19
Q

What is a picture taken with a microscope called?

A

micrograph

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20
Q

Some microscope pictures have a small line drawn on them with information about how long the line is when unmagnified. What is this line called?

A

scale bar

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21
Q

List three sub-cellular structures that are usually found in animal cells.

A

any three from: cell membrane, nucleus, mitochondria,

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22
Q

List three sub-cellular structures found in plant cells but not in animal cells.

A

large permanent vacuole, chloroplasts, cell wall

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23
Q

Which cell structure controls what enters and leaves the cell?

A

cell membrane

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24
Q

Which cell structure controls how the cell works?

A

nucleus

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25
Q

In which cell structure does respiration mainly take place?

A

Mitochondria

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26
Q

Which plant cell structure contains chlorophyll?

A

Chloroplast

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27
Q

What is the function of the cell structure that contains chlorophyll?

A

to capture energy from light for photosynthesis/to produce glucose using photosynthesis

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28
Q

Describe the function of the structure that surrounds plant cells, but not animal cells.

A

supports and protects the cell

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29
Q

What is the function of ribosomes?

A

manufacture of proteins

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30
Q

What are gametes?

A

Sex cells

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31
Q

A bacterium is 20 μm long. How long is it in metres?

A

0.00002 m

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32
Q

A bacterium is 5 μm wide. How wide is it in nanometres?

A

500 nm

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33
Q

What part of an animal cell controls the cell’s activities?

A

Nucleus

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34
Q

What do ribosomes make?

A

Proteins

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35
Q

Name one part that a plant cell might have but an animal cell would not.

A

chloroplast, permanent large vacuole, cell wall

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36
Q

What do bacteria use to move themselves?

A

flagella

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37
Q

Animal and plant cells are eukaryotic. What word describes bacterial cells?

A

Prokaryotic

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38
Q

Name one structure that an animal cell would have but a bacterial cell would not.

A

nucleus, mitochondria

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39
Q

What is this format for numbers called: A × 10n?

A

Standard form

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40
Q

Name two substances that might be found in the cytoplasm of an egg cell to provide energy.

A

carbohydrate or starch, lipid or fat or oil

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41
Q

Egg cells also contain protein. Which cell structure makes proteins?

A

ribosome

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42
Q

In which system of the body is food broken down?

A

digestive system

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43
Q

Why do we need to break food down?

A

because the molecules in food are too large to cross cell membranes

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44
Q

In which organ of the body is digested food absorbed?

A

small intestine

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45
Q

Which group of molecules help to digest food?

A

Enzymes

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46
Q

Give one example of the group of molecules that you named in the previous question.

A

any suitable example, such as amylase, protease, lipase

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47
Q

What does a sperm cell use enzymes for?

A

to digest a path through the jelly coat of the egg cell

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48
Q

Do plants contain enzymes?

A

yes – they control many reactions inside plant cells anywhere a reaction takes place

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49
Q

Why are proteins and carbohydrates examples of polymers?

A

They are made up of many similar molecules/monomers.

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50
Q

Which monomers make up starch?

A

Glucose

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51
Q

Which monomers make up a protein?

A

amino acids

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52
Q

Are enzymes carbohydrates, proteins or lipids?

A

proteins

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53
Q

Which group of substances are fats and oils examples of?

A

lipids

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54
Q

Name one food that contains a lot of starch.

A

any suitable example such as: potato, pasta, bread, rice

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55
Q

What effect does the enzyme amylase have on starch?

A

breaks it down to small sugars/maltose

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56
Q

Food provides nutrients for growth. What else is it a source of, which we need for activity?

A

energy

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57
Q

Which cell structures break down molecules from food to release energy?

A

mitochondria

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58
Q

What are the subunits (small molecules) that make up carbohydrates?

A

simple sugars, e.g. glucose

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59
Q

Which two kinds of subunits form lipids (fats and oils)?

A

fatty acids and glycerol

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60
Q

Which kind of large biological molecule are enzymes?

A

Proteins

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61
Q

Which subunits make up enzymes?

A

Amino acids

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62
Q

Amylase is a kind of enzyme. Where is it found in humans?

A

mouth/salivary glands and small intestine/pancreas

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63
Q

What is a catalyst?

A

A molecule that speeds up the rate of a reaction

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64
Q

Why are enzymes called biological catalysts?

A

They are molecules found inside living organisms that speed up the rate of reactions.

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65
Q

What is a substrate?

A

A molecule that is changed in a reaction

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66
Q

What is the substrate for amylase?

A

starch

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67
Q

Starch synthase is an enzyme that catalyses the synthesis of starch. Explain what this means.

A

The enzyme combines with subunits/small sugar molecules and helps them join together to form starch.

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68
Q

What are the subunits of enzymes?

A

amino acids

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69
Q

Why do different enzymes have different 3D shapes?

A

The amino acids are arranged in a different order in different proteins.

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70
Q

Which kind of large organic molecule does a protease digest?

A

proteins

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71
Q

Which kind of enzyme would break down a food stain made by sunflower oil?

A

lipase

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72
Q

What is the name of the part of an enzyme into which the substrate fits?

A

active site

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73
Q

Why do most enzymes only work with one substrate?

A

Only substrates with the same shape as the active site can sit in the site and take part in the reaction.

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74
Q

Enzymes are specific to their substrate. What does this mean?

A

The enzyme will only work with particular substrates – those substrates that have the right shape.

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75
Q

Which term describes an enzyme in which the active site has permanently changed shape?

A

denatured

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76
Q

What effect does a large change of shape of an enzyme’s active site have on how the enzyme works?

A

The enzyme no longer works.

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77
Q

Give two examples of changes in the cell environment that could cause the active site to change shape.

A

pH, temperature

78
Q

Which cell structure surrounds every kind of cell?

A

cell surface membrane

79
Q

What is the function of this cell structure?

A

to control what enters and leaves the cell

80
Q

Name one gas that a cell needs to take in from its surroundings, and explain your answer.

A

oxygen needed for respiration/to release energy in mitochondria; carbon dioxide needed for photosynthesis

81
Q

Name one other substance that a cell needs to take in from its surroundings, and explain your answer.

A

any suitable answer, such as glucose/sugar needed for respiration

82
Q

Carbon dioxide is produced inside a cell and moves out of the cell by diffusion. What does this mean?

A

there is an overall movement of gas particles from where there are more of them to where there are fewer

83
Q

Name one other substance that is made inside a cell and leaves the cell.

A

any suitable substance, such as enzymes or hormones that are secreted

84
Q

Name two substances that plants take in from the soil through their roots.

A

water and dissolved mineral salts

85
Q

There is a 5% sucrose solution and a 10% sucrose solution. Which solution has the higher concentration of sucrose?

A

10% solution

86
Q

Two beakers contain the same volume of solution. One is a 10% sodium chloride solution, the other is a 5% sodium chloride solution. Which beaker contains more water molecules?

A

5% solution

87
Q

What is the cell membrane responsible for?

A

Determining which bits go in and out of the cell

88
Q

What is the cell wall important for?

A

Structure

89
Q

What is the vacuole important for?

A

Structure

90
Q

What happens in the cytoplasm?

A

Most of the reactions take place

91
Q

What are the ribosomes responsible for?

A

Protein synthesis

92
Q

What are the chloroplasts responsible for?

A

Photosynthesis

93
Q

What is produced in the mitochondria?

A

Energy is released in respiration

94
Q

What is the nucleus?

A

The control centre of the cell, where the DNA is held

95
Q

True/False: Plant cells have a nucleus

A

True

96
Q

True/False: Plant and animal cells both have a cell membrane

A

True

97
Q

True/False: Plant and animal cells both have a cell wall

A

False, only the plant cell has a cell wall

98
Q

True/False: Plant and animal cells both have mitochondria

A

True

99
Q

True/False: Plant and animal cells both have chloroplasts

A

False, only the plant cell has chloroplasts

100
Q

Give 3 features of an animal cell

A

Any 3 from cell membrane, mitochondria, ribosomes, cytoplasm and nucleus

101
Q

Give 5 features of a plant cell

A

Any 5 from nucleus, cell membrane, cell wall, vacuole, cytoplasm, ribosomes, chloroplasts, mitochondria

102
Q

Give 3 features that animal cells and plant cells have in common

A

Any 3 from cell membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm, mitochondria and ribosomes

103
Q

True/False: The chromosomal DNA is found in the nucleus

A

False, it is not in the nucleus

104
Q

What is the flagella used for?

A

Locomotion

105
Q

Neurons look very similar/different to muscle cells

A

Different

106
Q

True/False: All cells look the same

A

False

107
Q

How do villi make a cell specialised for its job?

A

Give long surface area

108
Q

Muscle cells need to be able to stretch and ________

A

contract

109
Q

All cells start off looking different/the same

A

the same

110
Q

What happens during differentiation?

A

Various different genes are turned on and off so the cell will start to specialise

111
Q

What happens when a cell starts to specialise?

A

It’ll grow a really long axon/grow villi/turn into a leaf cell - whatever is needed for the cell to be specialised

112
Q

What is the equation that links magnification, image height

A

Magnification = image height / object height

113
Q

1 centimeter = ? meters

A

1 x 10-2

114
Q

1 millimeter = ? meters

A

1 x 10-3

115
Q

1 micrometer = ? meters

A

1 x 10-6

116
Q

1 nanometer = ? meters

A

1 x 10-9

117
Q

1 picometer = ? meters

A

1 x 10-12

118
Q

What are the units for centimeters?

A

cm

119
Q

What are the units for millimetres?

A

mm

120
Q

What are the units for micrometers?

A

μm

121
Q

What are the units for nanometers?

A

nm

122
Q

What are the units for picometers?

A

pm

123
Q

Amalyse, protease and lipase are all _______

A

enzymes

124
Q

Enzymes have a very specifically shaped ______ ____

A

active site

125
Q

site

A

Only the substate(s) that have the complimentary ____ will fit in the active site of an enzyme

126
Q

When the substrate and the enzyme meet, this makes…

A

An enzyme-substrate complex

127
Q

What happens after the enzyme-substrate complex is formed?

A

The enzyme will either break things part or join things together

128
Q

What does the enzyme do after it has broken things apart/joined things together?

A

Release the product

129
Q

Can the enzyme be used again after it has released the product?

A

Yes, it is unchanged

130
Q

True/False: Temperature affects enzyme activity

A

True

131
Q

At low temperatures there is not enough/too much energy

A

Not enough

132
Q

At the peak of the enzyme activity graph it is the _______ temperature

A

optimum

133
Q

What happens to enzymes when higher than the optimum temperature?

A

They become denatured

134
Q

What does it mean when an enzyme denatures?

A

The links between them holding everything together are being destroyed.

135
Q

True/False: When an enzyme is denatured, it is killed

A

False

136
Q

Is the graph showing how temperature affects enzyme activity lop sided to the left or right, or is it symmetrical?

A

Lop sided to the right

137
Q

Is the graph showing how pH affects enzyme activity more lop sided to the left or right, or is it symmetrical?

A

symmetrical

138
Q

True/False: There is no optimum pH for enzyme activity

A

False

139
Q

What happens to an enzyme when the pH is too high or too low?

A

The bonds will not be in place so the active site of the enzyme will break down and the enzyme will become denatured

140
Q

There is a limited/unlimited amount of active sites on an enzyme

A

Limited

141
Q

When all the active sites on an enzyme are full up, enzyme activity can/can’t keep increasing

A

can’t

142
Q

When the enzyme active sites are filling up, the enzyme activity will increase/decrease substrate concentration

A

increase

143
Q

When the active sites are full up, increasing substrate concentration will/won’t increase enzyme activity any further

A

won’t

144
Q

An enzyme can be used as a ________

A

Catalyst

145
Q

What happens when you use an enzyme as a catalyst?

A

The reaction will start to happen much faster but will end up at the same point - it will just end faster

146
Q

Why does use of a catalyst still make a reaction end at the same point as it would without a catalyst?

A

Due to other limiting factors such as enzyme, substrate or reactant concentration

147
Q

Lipase breaks down…

A

fats

148
Q

Lipase breaks down fats in to…

A

fatty acids and glycerol

149
Q

Lipase is made in…

A

The pancreas and small intestine

150
Q

Lipase works in the…

A

Small intestine

151
Q

Protease breaks down…

A

Proteins

152
Q

Protease breaks down proteins in to…

A

Amino acids

153
Q

Protease is made in…

A

The stomach, pancreas and small intestine

154
Q

Protease works in…

A

The stomach and small intestine

155
Q

Amylase breaks down…

A

Starch

156
Q

Amylase breaks down starch in to…

A

Sugars

157
Q

Amylase is made in…

A

The salivary glands, pancreas and small intestine

158
Q

Amylase works in…

A

The mouth and small intestine

159
Q

How do you test for fats? (lipids)

A

Emulsion test or filter paper test

160
Q

What is the emulsion test?

A

Add ethanol, shake it and add water. Look for a colour change. If it goes cloudy, lipids are present

161
Q

What is the filter paper test for fat?

A

If you rub it on filter paper, the filter paper should go see through

162
Q

How do you test for starch?

A

Iodine test

163
Q

What is the iodine test?

A

Add iodine. If starch is present it will go a dark black/blue colour

164
Q

How do you test for additional sugars?

A

Benedicts test

165
Q

What is Benedicts test?

A

Add Benedicts solution, heat it for 2 minutes in a water bath. If it goes red there is lots of sugar and if it goes a pale green/yellow there is little sugar

166
Q

How do you test for protein?

A

Biurets test

167
Q

What is the Biurets test?

A

Add Biurets solution - it will go purple if protein is present

168
Q

When talking about diffusion we are talking about things moving from…

A

a high concentration to an area of low concentration

169
Q

Diffusion goes up/down the diffusion gradient

A

Down

170
Q

True/False: Diffusion can be things moving out of a cell

A

True

171
Q

True/False: Diffusion can’t happen in the lungs

A

False

172
Q

The thin walls in the lungs are only _ cell thick

A

1

173
Q

Carbon dioxide diffuses from the _____

A

blood

174
Q

Why does carbon dioxide diffuse from the blood into the lungs?

A

So it can be breathed out

175
Q

Carbon dioxide diffuses from the lungs in to the _____

A

blood

176
Q

True/False: Diffusion can occur in the gut

A

True

177
Q

The thin walls of villi in the gut are only _ cell thick

A

1

178
Q

Just like the avioli, the villi in the gut have a very _____ surface area

A

Large

179
Q

Digested food moves from the gut cavity in to the _____

A

blood

180
Q

Why does digested food move from the gut cavity in to the blood

A

So it can be taken around the rest of the body

181
Q

Diffusion is the movement of gases or any particles dissolved in solution moving ____ the concentration gradient from an area of ____ concentration to an area of ___ concentration

A

down, high, low

182
Q

True/False: Diffusion is from a low concentration to an area of high concentration

A

False

183
Q

What is osmosis?

A

The movement of water through a partially permeable membrane, from an area of high water concentration to an area of low water concentration

184
Q

True/False: Osmosis is from a high water concentration to an area of low water concentration

A

True

185
Q

The pores in the partially permeable membrane in osmosis are/aren’t large enough for the solute to move through

A

Aren’t

186
Q

What can move through the partially permeable membrane in osmosis?

A

Water

187
Q

True/False: Osmosis occurs in root hair cells

A

True

188
Q

What is active transport?

A

Movement across a membrane from a low concentration to a high concentration - against the concentration gradient

189
Q

What does the active transport channel do?

A

Pick up something it wants from the area of low concentration and move it through the channel to the other side

190
Q

Where could active transport happen and what with?

A

Glucose in the gut or minerals in roots

GCSE Comb Sci Biology (9 decks)

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