Topic Seven Flashcards
Animal
Which cells in the nervous system detect changes?
receptor cells
Sense organs contain receptors cells. Give one example of a sense organ.
e.g. eye, ear, nose, tongue, skin
Which parts of the body cause the response to a stimulus?
effectors
Give an example of an effector.
one of: muscle, gland
In what form is information transmitted in the nervous system?
(electrical) impulses
How are soluble chemical substances (e.g. digested food molecules) carried around the body?
in the blood/plasma
Name one hormone produced in the male reproductive system.
testosterone
Name one hormone produced by ovaries.
one of: oestrogen, progesterone
Which general name is given to an organ that responds to a hormone?
target organ
What effect do hormones have on organs that respond to them?
change how the organ is working
What is the name for a gland that produces a hormone?
endocrine gland
Name the organ that produces oestrogen.
ovary
Name the organ at the base of the brain that produces many hormones.
pituitary gland
What is the name for an organ that is affected by a hormone?
target organ
Name an organ that is affected by growth hormone.
bones/muscles
How do hormones travel around the body?
in the blood
Which hormone brings about changes in a boy’s body during puberty?
testosterone
Higher and Triple only- Where is adrenalin made?
adrenal glands
Higher and Triple only- Describe one effect of adrenalin on the body.
any suitable effect, such as: increases heart rate, increases breathing rate, increases blood pressure, increases blood sugar concentration, dilates pupils
Higher and Triple only- What is the role of thyroxine in the body?
to control metabolic rate
What name is given to a substance produced in the body that changes how its target organs work?
hormone
Name the endocrine gland that produces testosterone.
testis/testes
How does testosterone get from where it is made to its target organs?
in blood
Name the hormone that produces changes in girls as they become women.
oestrogen
Higher and Triple only- In which gland is thyroxine produced?
thyroid gland
Higher and Triple only- What is the function of thyroxine in the body?
controls metabolic rate
Higher and Triple only-Which hormone controls the fight or flight response?
adrenalin
Higher and Triple only- Which term describes when a change in a system causes the opposite change, returning the system to a normal level?
negative feedback
What name is given to the cycle of changes in a woman’s reproductive system that happens every month?
menstrual cycle
What name is given to methods that prevent fertilisation?
contraception
Which term describes the cycle of changes in a woman’s body that happens about every 28 days?
menstrual cycle
On approximately which day of the menstrual cycle is an egg cell released from an ovary?
day 14
Name two hormones that help to control the menstrual cycle.
two of: oestrogen, progesterone, FSH, LH
State where oestrogen is produced.
ovaries
How do changes in the blood concentrations of oestrogen and progesterone trigger menstruation?
decrease.
Which term describes any method used to reduce the chance of pregnancy?
contraception
Give one example of a physical barrier method of contraception.
any one suitable method, such as: condom, diaphragm/cap
Which endocrine organ produces the hormones FSH and LH?
pituitary gland
A surge in blood concentration of which hormone triggers the release of an egg from an ovary?
LH
Which three-letter abbreviation is used to describe a method of increasing the chance of pregnancy by fertilising an egg cell outside the body?
IVF
In the menstrual cycle, what usually happens at about day 14?
ovulation
What change in the concentrations of oestrogen and progesterone causes menstruation?
Concentrations of both hormones decres menstruation? (Concentrations of both hormones decrease.
How does use of a condom during sexual activity help to reduce the risk of pregnancy?
prevents sperm reaching the egg
How does the combined contraceptive pill help to reduce the risk of pregnancy?
one of: contains hormones that prevent ovulation/reduces chance of sperm reaching egg
Higher and Triple only- A surge in concentration of which hormone triggers ovulation?
LH
Higher and Triple only- Which hormone stimulates the growth and maturation of an egg follicle?
FSH
Higher and Triple only- Which hormone treatment can be given to women who rarely ovulate, to increase their chance of ovulation?
clomifene therapy
Which term means maintaining a constant internal environment?
homeostasis
What effect does eating food have on blood glucose concentration?
increases
What effect does exercise have on blood glucose concentration?
decreases
Which hormone(s) control(s) blood glucose concentration?
insulin, [Higher + Triple only- glucagon]
Which endocrine gland produces this hormone/H these hormones?
pancreas
What happens to glucose taken into liver cells as a response to a hormone?
changed to glycogen
What causes type 1 diabetes?
no insulin produced
What type of treatment must someone with type 1 diabetes have for the rest of their lives?
injection of insulin
What causes type 2 diabetes?
either not enough insulin produced, or insulin target cells do not respond properly
Which hormone reduces blood glucose concentration?
insulin
What are the target cells for insulin?
liver and muscle cells
What is the condition in which a person does not produce insulin?
type 1 diabetes
What is the condition in which a person does not produce enough insulin or their target cells do not respond properly to it?
type 2 diabetes
What might a doctor suggest diabetics reduce in their diet?
sugar/glucose
How is body mass correlated with the risk of developing type 2 diabetes?
positive correlation/risk increases as mass increases
How does the body respond to being too cold?
shivering/goosebumps/reduction of blood flow near the skin
How does the body respond to being too hot?
sweating/increased blood flow near the skin
Where is the pituitary gland located?
In the brain
Where is the thyroid located?
In the neck
Where are the adrenal glands?
In the kidneys
Where is the pancreas located?
Behind the stomach
Where are ovaries found?
Hip level
Where are testes found?
Hanging below the penis
What do the testes produce?
Testosterone
Testosterone makes muscles ____
grow
What effect does muscle growth from testosterone have on the balls and penis?
They drop and get larger
Testosterone increases/decreases the rate of hair growth
Increases
Where is oestrogen produced?
In the ovaries
What cycle is oestrogen responsible for?
The menstrual cycle
Oestrogen is responsible for the __________ of eggs
maturation
The pancreas produces _______
insulin
What is insulin important for?
Regulating blood glucose levels
Where is adrenaline produced?
In the adrenal glands
What response is adrenaline important for?
Our fight or flight response
What does the thyroid produce?
Thyroxine
What is thyroxine important for?
Regulating our metabolism
True/False: The pituitary gland is very busy
True
True/False: FSH is produced in the thyroid
False, it is produced in the pituitary gland
True/False: LH is produced in the pituitary gland
True
One of the reasons that periods feel so rubbish is that hormones are literally…
all over the place
During the menstrual cycle, FSH levels rise and then peak at what point?
Ovulation
What is the job of FSH?
Making the small egg grow up to a larger egg and then be released
What does FSH stand for?
Folicle Stimulating Hormone
What does LH stand for?
Leutenising Hormone
LH is active for a very long/short period of time
short
What is the job of LH?
To release the egg
Estrogen builds up until it stimulates…
Leutenising hormone
Progesterone builds up slowly as it builds up…
the lining of the uterus
If there is no egg implanted, progesterone levels will ________ and…
decrease, the lining of the uterus will break down
There are few/a number of different methods of contraception
a number
Some contraception methods are ________ whilst others are ___-________
hormonal, non-hormonal
What does contraception do?
Stop a person from getting pregnant
True/False: All methods of contraception protect against sexually transmitted diseases
False, not all do
Why is it important to always use a barrier method of contraception?
To protect against sexually transmitted diseases
Wearing a condom is what method of contraception?
A barrier method
What do condoms do?
Stop sperm getting the woman pregnant and prevent any sexually transmitted infections being transferred from her to him or him to her
The pill and the coil (IUD) are what type of methods to stop people from getting pregnant?
Hormonal
What do the pill and the coil (IUD) do?
Stop the egg from being released/implanted
The diaphragm is what method of contraception?
A barrier method
Why is the diaphragm a barrier method of contraception?
It will stop sperm from entering the vagina
True/False: The diaphragm protects against sexually transmitted infections
False, it doesn’t
Why does the diaphragm not protect against sexually transmitted infections?
The semen will still be transferred into the vaginal entrance
When can someone go to get sterilised?
When they are sure that they don’t want to have children
What is a vasectomy?
When you get your tubes tied - it is a permanent method of contraception
As a man, having your tubes tied (as a result of a vasectomy) means that…
No sperm will get from the testes out to the penis
As a woman, having your tubes tied (as a result of a vasectomy) means that…
No egg will be released
Around how many people find themselves in a position where they are unable to have children naturally?
1 in 6
True/False: The reason why a couple may not be able to have a child naturally is all because of the female
False, half the reason some people are unable to have children naturally is because of male related reasons and the other half is female related reasons
What is the obvious advantage of IVF
You get a baby out of it
What are the disadvantages of IVF?
You have to take a large number of drugs for a long period of time
With IVF, you have to take a very small/large amount of drugs
large
With the drugs that you have to take with IVF, you take them over a long/short period of time
long
True/False: There are no nasty side effects with the drugs you take when going through IVF
False, there are lots
When going through IVF you have monthly/weekly/daily injections
Daily
The daily injections that you get with IVF leave you…
bruised
Give an example of a long term consequence of taking IVF drugs
Increases your risk of various different types of cancer
IVF is very cheap/expensive
expenive
True/False: You are guaranteed to get pregnant as a result of IVF
False, it doesn’t always work
What is the success rate of having a baby as a result of IVF?
Around 40%
Each round of IVF costs a minimum of…
£5,000
True/False: IVF is a very costly, time consuming and painful process
True
What is homeostasis?
The maintenance of a constant internal environment
Why do we need to control our blood glucose levels, water levels and temperature?
To keep our bodies functioning properly
The brain is the _______ ______ of our body
control centre
Where does the brain send signals to?
Various parts of the body
True/False: The brain can send signals to the pancreas
True
When signals are sent from the brain to the rest of our body, what system do they go through?
The CNS
What does the CNS stand for?
Central Nervous System
What is the pancreas responsible for?
Producing insulin
What do the effectors/muscles make the body do?
Move
Which part of the body makes us shiver?
Effectors/muscles
What are glands responsible for?
The production of hormones
Control of blood glucose is very simple/complicated
complicated
After eating, blood glucose levels fall/rise
rise
Blood glucose levels rising is picked up by which organ?
The pancreas
What does the pancreas do in response to blood glucose levels rising?
Produces insulin
Where is insulin, produced by the pancreas, sent out to?
The blood
Insulin in the bloodstream causes body cells to do what?
Start to remove glucose from the blood
What do liver and muscle cells do with glucose from the blood?
Convert it into glycogen and store it
Removing glucose from the blood causes blood glucose levels to rise/fall
fall
If blood glucose levels get too low, it is picked up by which organ?
The pancreas
What does the pancreas do in response to blood glucose levels getting too low?
Starts to produce glucagon
Glucose that was previously stored in muscle and liver cells starts to return to where when blood glucose levels start getting too low?
The blood
The stored form of glucose is…
glycogen
What converts glycogen into glucose?
Glucagon
Returning glucose after blood glucose levels have gotten too low will make the glucose levels…
start to rise again
How many different types of diabetes are there?
2
What are the names of the two types of diabetes?
Type 1 and Type 2
In type 1 diabetes what organ doesn’t work properly?
The pancreas
With type 1 diabetes, the pancreas…
doesn’t produce the right amount of insulin
In type 2 diabetes, cells start to become…
insensitive to insulin
Give 3 examples of symptoms of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes
Any 3 from loss of weight, an increased need to urinate, being very thirsty, blurry vision, fatigue and hunger
True/False: Loss of weight is a symptom of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes
True
True/False: An increased need to urinate is a symptom of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes
True
True/False: Fatigue is a symptom of type 1 diabetes, not 2
False, it is a symptom of type 1 and 2 diabetes
True/False: Being very thirsty is a symptom of type 2 diabetes, not 1
False, it is a symptom of type 1 and 2 diabetes
True/False: Blurry vision is a symptom of type 1 diabetes, not 2
False, it is a symptom of type 1 and 2 diabetes
True/False: Hunger is a symptom of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes
True
Treatment for type 1 diabetes involves…
Insulin injections
Type 2 diabetes can be treated by…
Controlling your diet and exercise
