Topic Eight Flashcards
transport
What do we mean when we talk about the concentration of a substance?
the amount of the substance in a certain volume (usually of another substance)
By what process do particles move from a place of greater concentration to a place of lower concentration?
diffusion
In diffusion, do particles move up or down a concentration gradient?
down
For what process in the body do we need oxygen?
aerobic respiration
What gases are exchanged in the lungs?
oxygen and carbon dioxide
What molecule is used to carry oxygen in red blood cells?
haemoglobin
A cuboid has sides of 4 cm by 4 cm by 5 cm. What units would be used for its surface area?
cm2
A cuboid has sides of 4 cm by 4 cm by 5 cm. What units would be used for its volume?
cm3
A cell has a surface area of 24 cm2 and a volume of 8 cm3. What is the ratio of its surface area to its volume?
3 : 1, although note that surface area : volume (SA : V) ratios are given as a single figure, 31 3 in this case
How are the lungs adapted for efficient gas exchange?
large surface area/alveoli
In human lungs, what gas is transported into the blood using gas exchange?
oxygen
How are alveoli adapted to their function?
they have a large surface area, they have thin walls
For what process does the body need glucose?
respiration
By what transport method do carbon dioxide molecules move from the blood into the lungs?
diffusion
A cube has a volume of 1000 cm3 and surface area of 600 cm2. What is its surface area : volume ratio?
0.6, but accept 3 : 5
How is the SA : V ratio of larger cells different from the SA : V ratio of smaller cells?
larger cells have a smaller SA : V ratio
How is the concentration gradient of oxygen between the inside and the outside of a capillary maintained?
by the flow of blood
What is the unit g/cm3 a measure of?
concentration
In what other format can g/cm3 be written?
g cm–3
Which organ excretes carbon dioxide in humans?
lung(s)
In what pocket-shaped structures does carbon dioxide excretion occur?
alveoli
Why do alveoli have walls that are only one cell thick?
to increase the rate of diffusion
Which organ excretes urea in humans?
kidney(s)
What do you divide surface area by to calculate a surface area : volume (SA : V) ratio?
volume
Which have the bigger SA : V ratios, smaller cells or larger cells?
smaller
Does diffusion happen up or down a concentration gradient?
down
What are the smallest blood vessels in the body called?
capillaries
What is the name of the blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart?
arteries
What is the function of an erythrocyte?
to carry oxygen
What is the name of the ‘pockets’ in the lungs where gas exchange occurs?
alveoli
Which blood vessels take blood away from the heart?
arteries
Which blood vessels have thick, elastic walls?
arteries
Which blood vessels contain valves?
veins
Through which blood vessels does diffusion of substances into and out of tissues take place?
capillaries
Which blood cells are adapted to carry oxygen?
red blood cells, erythrocytes
Which blood cells engulf and digest foreign cells?
phagocytes
Which component of the blood carries urea?
plasma
What helps to push blood along veins in the legs?
skeletal muscles
How many chambers does a human heart have?
four
What happens when blood is prevented from reaching heart muscles?
heart attack
What are the lower chambers of the heart called?
ventricles
What stops blood flowing the wrong way in the heart?
valves
Which side of the heart has the thicker muscle walls?
left side
What parts of the body does the right side of the heart supply with blood?
lungs
Which blood vessel carries blood to the left atrium from the lungs?
pulmonary vein
Does the pulmonary artery carry deoxygenated or oxygenated blood?
deoxygenated
Why does heart rate increase during exercise?
cells in tissues need more oxygen/glucose
Jack’s stroke volume is 0.1 litres/beat and his heart rate is 50 beats per minute. What is his cardiac output?
0.1 × 50 = 5 litres/min
What element does aerobic respiration need that anaerobic respiration does not?
oxygen
What happens to energy in an exothermic reaction?
It is transferred to the surroundings.
Diffusion is things moving from an area of ____ concentration, ____ the diffusion gradient and into an area of ___ concentration
high, down, low
True/False: Things can diffuse moving in or out of a cell
True
True/False: Diffusion can happen in the lungs
True
What are the alveoli in the lungs?
The air spaces
The walls in the lungs are only _ cell thick
1
Carbon dioxide can/can’t diffuse from the blood into the lungs so it can be breathed out
can
True/False: Oxygen diffuses from the blood into the lungs so it can be breathed out
False, oxygen diffuses from the lungs into the blood so that it can be taken around the body
True/False: Diffusion cannot take place in the gut
False, it can
How thick are the walls of the villus of the gut?
1 cell thick
What is the plural of villi?
Villus
How are villi adapted to function?
They have a large surface area
Digested food moves from the gut cavity into the _____ so that it can be taken around the rest of the body
blood
Diffusion is the process of moving gases or any particles dissolved in a solution, ____ a concentration gradient from a ____ concentration to a ___ concentration
down, high, low
Blood is made up of 1/several component(s)
several
What is the liquid component of blood called?
Serum
What colour is serum?
Pale/yellow
What part of blood give it its colour?
The cells
True/False: Red blood cells have nuclei
False, they have no nuclei
Why do red blood cells have no nuclei?
So they have more space to carry oxygen
What is the main function of red blood cells?
To carry oxygen
White blood cells are part of the ______ system
immune
What are platelets?
Fragments of cells
What are platelets important for?
Things like clotting
Arteries have very _____ walls
thick
Arteries have ____ lumen
thin
Why do arteries have very thick walls?
They are carrying blood under high pressure
What is the gap in the middle of an artery?
The lumen
Capillaries are very large/small
Small
How small are capillaries?
They are only 1 cell thick
Why are capillaries only 1 cell thick?
To allow for diffusion
True/False: Capillaries generally go around a kind of mesh network
True
What do capillaries go around?
Things like the villi in the gut and the alveoli in the lungs so they have a large surface area.
Veins carry oxygenated/deoxygenated blood
deoxygenated
Where do veins carry blood?
Back to the heart
What do the valves in veins do?
Allow them to carry blood back to the heart
Why do veins have thin walls and thick lumen?
They are carrying blood under low pressure
In the respiratory system, air goes in through…
The mouth or the nose
What is the also known as trachea?
Wind pipe
After air goes through the mouth or nose, it travels down to the…
trachea
After the trachea, air travels down to the…
bronchus
What is the bronchus?
A branch of the trachea
After the bronchus, air travels down to the…
bronchiole
What is the bronchiole?
A branch of the bronchus
After the bronchiole, air travels to the…
cauliflower-shaped alveoli
What happens in the cauliflower-shaped alveoli?
Gas exchange
The cauliflower-shaped alveoli have very large _______ ____
surface area
Your diaphragm moves up and down to…
Move air in and out
What does the heart do?
Pumps blood around the body
What do the intercostal muscles do?
Allow the rib cage to expand
What do the ribs do?
Protect the lungs
The cardiovascular system is a single/double system
double
In the cardiovascular system, blood gets pumped from…
The heart to the lungs, back to the heart and then around the rest of the body
What is the first thing you should do when you see a photo of the heart
Write right and left on it
Where does blood enter the heart?
The vena cava
After blood has entered the heart through the vena cava, where does it go?
To the right atrium
Blood goes from the right atrium down through a v____
valve
Where does blood go after the right atrium?
Through a valve in to the right ventricle
Where does blood go from the right ventricle?
The lungs, via the pulmonary artery
Blood goes from the right ventricle to the lungs, via the…
pulmonary artery
From the lungs, blood comes back into the heart via the..
pulmonary vein
When blood comes back into the heart from the lungs, where does it go?
Into the left atrium
Where does blood go from the left atrium?
Into the left ventricle
When blood leaves the left ventricle, it is…
pumped to the rest of the body, via the aorta
What is the pattern of letters to check that you have written the path of blood right?
VAVAVAVA - Vena cava - atrium - ventricle - artery - vein - atrium - ventricle - aorta
What do valves do?
Only allow blood to flow one way
The left side of the heart has a much larger/smaller muscle than the right side
larger
Why does the left side of the heart have a much larger muscle than the right side?
The right side only has to pump blood to the lungs, which aren’t very far away, whereas the left side has to pump blood to the rest of the body which is a much longer distance
Where does the right side of the heart pump blood to?
The lungs
Where does the right side of the heart pump blood?
All around the body
Which vein carries oxygenated blood?
The pulmonary vein
Where does the pulmonary vein carry oxygenated blood?
Back into the heart
The majority of the time, veins carry oxygenated/deoxygenated blood
deoxygenated
The majority of the time, arteries carry oxygenated/deoxygenated blood
oxygenated
Which artery carries deoxygenated blood?
The pulmonary artery
Where does the pulmonary artery carry deoxygenated blood from/to?
From the heart to the lungs
If the heart isn’t functioning properly, __________ can be introduced to help the heart keep time
pacemakers
What can happen in the heart if somebody has cardiovascular disease?
Tubes can get blocked up
What is the word equation for respiration?
Glucose + oxygen -> water + carbon dioxide
What is the symbol for oxygen?
O2
What is the symbol for glucose?
C6H12O6
What is the symbol for water?
H20
What is the symbol for carbon dioxide?
CO2
Write the balanced equation for respiration
C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6H20 + 6C02
Is respiration an endothermic or an exothermic reaction?
exothermic
What does an exothermic reaction mean?
A reaction where energy is given out
The screaming jelly baby demo is the best example of ___________
respiration
What does anaerobic mean?
Without oxygen
What is the word equation for anaerobic respiration?
Glucose -> energy + lactic acid
Anaerobic respiration uses more/less energy than aerobic respiration
less
Why does anaerobic respiration not use as much energy as aerobic respiration?
The glucose isn’t broken down
Where does lactic acid build up?
Muscles
What does the build up of lactic acids in muscles cause?
Any oxygen debt
The build up or lactic acid in your muscles is painless/painful
painful
When does lactic acid build up in your muscles?
When you are doing things such as sprinting/when you run out of oxygen
What do you need to do when you finish running (for example) - to get rid of oxygen debt
Breathe really hard/pant to pay back the oxygen debt/get the blood flowing/remove the lactic acid from your muscles
True/False: Anaerobic respiration can take place in yeast
True
What is the word equation for anaerobic respiration in yeast?
Yeast + glucose -> carbon dioxide + ethanol
What is ethanol used in?
Drinks and cleaning products
In the context of yeast, what does carbon dioxide do?
Make your cakes/bread rise
