Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology- B2. > Topic Three. > Flashcards

Topic Three. Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
0
Q

Fossil formation (3 ways)

A
  1. Gradual replacement by minerals- things like teeth and bones don’t decay and last ages when buried. Eventually replaced by minerals- forming a rock like substance.
  2. From casts and impressions. When organisms are buried in soft materials like clay. The clay hardens and the organism decays leaving a cast of itself e.g. A footprint.
  3. From preservations in places where no decay happens- because the conditions aren’t suitable for microbes to work.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
1
Q

What is a fossil

A

Is any trace of an animal or plant that lived long ago.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What do fossils found in layers tell us (3 things)

A
  1. What the creature and plants looked like.
  2. How long ago they existed- the deeper the rock, the older the fossil.
  3. How they evolved. Finding the similarities and differences between different aged rocks. We can see how species have changed and developed.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Why is the fossil record incomplete.

A
  1. Very few dead plants or animals turn into fossils. Most decay.
  2. Some parts of the body tissue decay completely.
  3. There are fossils yet to be discovered.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Pentadactyl limb.

A

A limb with five digits.
Seen in many species e.g. Mammals, reptiles.
In each species the limb has a similar bone structure but a different function e.g. A human hand and a bats wing.
The similarities in the limbs are evidence for evolution.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Size.

A

Measure it’s height, length, width or circumference.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Wet mass.

A

Organisms contain a lot of water.
The water mass depends on how much water is lost and gained.
Can change one day to the next.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Dry mass

A

Mass of an organism with no water in its body.

The organism which would be dead is dried out and then weighed.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What processes help animals and plants grow and develop.

A

Cell differentiation- the process of when a cell changes to become specialised for its job.
Cell division- by mitosis.
Cell elongation- where a plant cell expands, making the cell bigger, so the plant grows ONLY HAPPENS IN PLANTS.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Do plants and animals grow differently?

A

Yes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How to animals grow?

A

Cell division.
Grow whilst young, reach full growth and stop growing.
When your young, cells divide at a faster rate.
When your older cell division is usually for repair- the cells divide to replace new ones.
Cell differentiation in animals is usually lost at an early age.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How do plants grow?

A

Grow continuously.
Always differentiating to develop new parts.
Growth in height is usually due to cell elongation.
Cell division happens- tips of roots and shoots.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are growth charts used for?

A

Asses a childs growth over time so that an overall pattern is established and any problems are highlighted e.g. Obesity.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What do Large multicellular organisms have?

A

Have different systems inside them for transporting and exchanging materials.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Tissues

A

A tissue e.g. Muscle tissue is a group of similar cells that work together to carry out a particular function.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Organs.

A

An organ e.g. The heart is a group of different tissues that work together to carry out a particular function.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Organ systems.

A

An organ system e.g. The circulatory system is a group of organs working together to perform a particular function.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What’s unusual about the diagram of a heart?

A

The right side is the left side
The left side is the right side
Imagine your looking down at your own heart and what side would be what.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

The circulatory system (step 1-3)

A
  1. The right atrium of the heart receives deoxygenated blood from the body from the vena cava.
  2. The deoxygenated blood moves though the right ventricle, which pumps into the lungs via the pulmonary artery.
  3. The left atrium receives oxygenated blood from the lungs through the pulmonary vein.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

The circularity system (steps 4-6)

A
  1. Oxygenated blood then moves though the left ventricle, which moves it around the whole body via the aorta.
  2. The left ventricle has a much thicker wall than the right ventricle. It need more muscle as it pumps blood to the whole body. Whereas the right ventricle only pumps to the lungs.
  3. Valves prevent the back-flow of blood.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Red blood cells.

A

Carry oxygen from the lungs to all cells in the body.
Bioconcave disc shape (doughnut shape) to have a large surface area to absorb oxygen.
They contain haemoglobin (contains a lot of iron)
In the lungs- haemoglobin combines with oxygen to become oxyhemoglobin. In body tissues the revers happens to release oxygen to the cells.
Red blood cells DONT HAVE A NUCLEUS- more room for haemoglobin.
A lack of iron in your diet causes anaemia, where blood can’t carry enough oxygen.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

White blood cells.

A

Defend against diseases.
Can change shape engulf unwelcome microorganisms.
They produce antibodies to fight microorganisms, as well antitoxins to neutralise any toxins produced by the microorganisms.
Low white blood cell could increase the risk of infection.
High white blood cell count could mean leukaemia or an infection.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Platelets

A

Small fragments of a cell.
Help blood cells clot a wound- stops blood pouring out and microorganisms getting in.
Lack of platelets can cause excessive bleeding and brushing.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Plasma

A

Yellow liquid which keeps the blood fluid and transports other components:
Red, white blood cells and platelets.
Nutrients like glucose and amino acids. Absorbed from the gut and taken to body cells.
Carbon dioxide- waste product formed in every cell- transported to lungs.
Urea- waste product formed in the liver. Transported in the blood to kidneys where it’s removed.
Hormones- transported from glands to target organs.
Antibodies and antitoxins produces by white blood cells.

24
Q

Arteries

A

Carry blood away from the heart.

25
Q

Capillaries.

A

Involved in the exchange of materials with the tissues.

26
Q

Veins.

A

Carry blood to the heart.

27
Q

Arteries in detail.

A

Heart pumps out blood at a high pressure, so walls are strong and elastic.
Walls are thick in comparison to the size of the lumen. Contain thick layers of muscle to make them strong.

28
Q

Capillaries in detail.

A

Arteries branch into capillaries.
Small in size and hard to see.
Carry blood really close to every cell in the body to exchange substances with them.
They have permeable walls, so substances can diffuse in and out.
They supply food and oxygen and take away waste like co2.
Walls are one cell thick, increases the rate of diffusion by decreasing the distance over which it occurs.

29
Q

Veins in detail.

A

Capillaries eventually join up with veins.
Blood is at a lower pressure so the walls aren’t as thick compared to arteries.
They have a bigger lumen to help blood flow despite a low pressure.
They have valves to keep blood flowing in the right direction.

30
Q

What is the breakdown of food catalysed by?

A

Enzymes.

31
Q

The breakdown of food.

A

Starch, proteins and fats are BIG molecules- too big to pass through the walls of the digestive system.
Sugars, amino acids, glycerol and fatty acids are SMALLER molecules- they can pass through the walls of the digestive system.

32
Q

The digestive enzymes break down big molecules into smaller one’s:

A

Carbohydrates e.g. Amylase digest starch to sugars.
Protease e.g. Pepsin digest proteins to amino acids.
Lipase digest fats to fatty acids and glycerol.

33
Q

The mouth

A

Food is moistened with saliva from the salivary glands.
The salivary glands produce analyse enzyme in the saliva, which breaks down starch.
Food is chewed to form a ball of food (bonus), before being swallowed.

34
Q

The liver.

A

Where bile is produced.

Bile neutralises stomach acid and emulsified fats.

35
Q

Gall bladder.

A

Where bile is stored, before it’s released into the small intestine.

36
Q

Small intestine.

A

Produces protease, amylase and lipase enzymes to complete digestion.
This is also where the food is absorbed out of the digestive system into the body.

37
Q

Oesophagus.

A

A tube that takes food from the mouth to the stomach.

It’s lined with muscles that contract to help the ball of food move along the peristalsis.

38
Q

The stomach.

A

It pummels the food with its muscular walls.
It produces the protease enzyme, pepsin.
It produces hydrochloric acid.

39
Q

Why does the stomach produce hydrochloric acid? (2)

A

To kill bacteria

To give the right ph for the protease enzyme to work.

40
Q

The pancreas.

A

Produces protease, amylase and lipase enzymes.

Releases these into small intestines.

41
Q

Large intestine.

A

Where excess water is absorbed from the food.

42
Q

Why is using a visiting tube a good way to model the gut?

A

Like the gut, it only let’s small molecules through and not big molecules.
It’s also cheaper and easier than using an animal gut.

43
Q

Disadvantages of using a Viking tube as the gut.

A

Your guts a lot longer and has a much larger surface area.

So the speed of digestion and absorption will be different.

44
Q

Expirment explanation-

Using iodine to test starch and sugar using Benedict’s reagent.

A
  1. Add the same amount of starch solution and analyse solution to the Viking tube, then rinse the outside of the tubing under water.
  2. Put the tube into boiling water with distilled water in it.
  3. Straight away test a drop of water from the tube with iodine solution. And take 5 drops to test with Benedict’s reagent.
  4. Leave the boiling tube for 15 mins.
  5. Then test the solution with iodine solution and Benedict’s reagent. Record the colour each time.
  6. Repeat the expirement using other concentrations of thr analyse solution e.g. 0.5%, 1.0%.
45
Q

Benedict’s reagent.

A

Add 5 drops of boiling water into a test tube. Add two drops of the reagent and put the test tube into a beaker of boiling water.
Record the colour every 2-3 mins.
Blue-green-yellow-orange-red
Starts blue the more sugar there is the more colours it will change.

46
Q

What muscles does peristalsis involve?

A

Longitudinal and circular.

47
Q

Where are the two muscles located for peristalsis?

A

Longitudinal- muscles down the length of the gut.

Circular- muscles running in circles around the gut.

48
Q

What are the job of the muscles in peristalsis?

A

Squeeze the food along
(The squeezing process is called peristalsis)
Waves of circular muscle contractions push the food along the gut.
Waves of longitudinal muscle contractions run slightly ahead to help keep the food in a ball.

49
Q

What does bile do?

A

Neutralises stomach acid and emulsified fats.

50
Q

Where is bile produced and stored?

A

Produced in the liver and stored in the gall bladder into the small into intestine.

51
Q

What does hydrochloric acid do in the stomach?

A

Makes the ph too acidic for enzymes in the small intestine to perk properly.
Bile is alkaline- neutralises conditions and makes it alkaline.

52
Q

What does emulsify mean?

A

Breaks fats into small droplets.

Gives a bigger surface area of fat for the enzyme lipase to work on.

53
Q

What does villi do?

A

Provides a large surface area.

54
Q

Small intestine and villi.

A

Inside of the small intestine is covered in millions of villi.
Villi has three features that makes absorbing digested food into the bloodstream really efficient-
1. They have a big surface area so digested food is absorbed much more quickly.
2. They have a single layer of surface cells so that digested food diffuses quickly over a short distance.
3. Very good blood supply via a capillary network to assist quick absorption to digest food.

55
Q

Functional foods.

A

A food that has some kind of health benefits beyond basic nutrition.
It might prevent some kind of disease or it might ‘promote your well-being’.

56
Q

Probiotics.

A

Live bacteria such as bifidobacteria and lactobacillus.
Similar to whats found in your gut.
Added to food like yogurt and dietary supplements- added by the manufacturers.
Keeps digestive system healthy.
Keeps immune system strong.

57
Q

Prebiotics.

A

Carbohydrates that won’t digest e.g. Oligosaccharaides.
Occur naturally in foods like leaks- can’t get enough of them in a normal diet to see effects.
So some people take supplements.
Food supply for ‘good bacteria’ that are already in the digestive system.
Promote the growth of good bacteria in the gut.
Improve the health of digestive system and strengthens immune system.

58
Q

What do plant stanol esters do and explain?

A

Reduce cholesterol and reduce the risk of heart disease.
Stanols occur naturally in plants, but in very small quantities.
Stanols are produced commercially by using bacteria to convert Stanols.
Sometimes added to spreads and some dairy products.

Biology- B2. (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions